Evaluating infrastructure investments in water supply and distribution networks through a comprehensive assessment of hydraulic and water quality objectives and tradeoffs

供水和分配系统是现代基础设施以及城市和国家经济的重要组成部分，是健康社会和工业基础的基础。这些系统估计每百万人口投资60亿美元。这些系统不仅会随着时间的推移而恶化，而且还会受到随机负荷的影响，包括管道破裂、紧急行动、电力故障和气候的影响。恶化的系统很常见，而且浪费水和能源。该建议侧重于非定常流条件，但寻求系统性能的综合和全面的评估。瞬时压力可能是巨大的和破坏性的，很有可能破坏管道，损坏设备，或造成危险的水质事件。最近，突然出现的低压波可能会导致某些设备或洒水系统的污染水倒流，甚至可能通过泄漏侵入潜在的污染水，因此对水质的潜在威胁受到了更多的关注。

Water supply and distribution systems form an essential part of modern infrastructure and of the economies of both cities and nations, being the foundation of a healthy society and industrial base. These systems represent an estimated investment of $6 billion per million of population. The systems not only deteriorate over time, but are subject to random loads including pipe breaks, emergency actions, power failures and the effects of climate. Deteriorated systems are common and wasteful of both water and energy. This proposal focuses on unsteady flow conditions but seeks an integrated and holistic assessment of system performance. Transient pressures can be large and destructive, quite capable of breaking pipes, damaging equipment, or of causing dangerous water quality events. The possible threat to water quality has been given more attention lately since a sudden low pressure wave could cause backflow of contaminated water at certain appliances or sprinkler systems, or even intrusion of potentially contaminated water through leaks.