Distribution and impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on agricultural wetlands and water birds of Prairie Canada

在整个北美和欧洲，以昆虫为食的农田和湿地鸟类的数量严重下降，一些研究指出，农业集约化和农药使用的增加是主要原因。农药通过食物链产生的间接影响被认为是农田鸟类数量减少的一个可能原因。新烟碱类杀虫剂是一类相对较新的系统杀虫剂，于1998-2003年在加拿大首次登记，目前在草原地区广泛用于处理油菜和其他油籽、谷类作物和玉米的种子，以及其他虫害防治应用。目前，世界范围内新烟碱类杀虫剂的使用增长速度超过了氨基甲酸酯、有机磷酸酯和拟除虫菊酯等其他杀虫剂，这主要是由于它们作为种子处理的用途，它们的高植物系统活性与其他神经活性降低的有效性和健康问题相结合

Populations of insectivorous farmland and wetland birds have declined severely throughout North America and Europe and several studies point to agricultural intensification and the increasing use of pesticides as major contributing factors. Indirect effects of pesticides, operating through the food chain, have been proposed as a possible causal factor in the decline of farmland bird species. A relatively new class of systemic insecticides, the neonicotinoids, were first registered in Canada between 1998-2003 and are now widely used in the Prairie region for treatment of seeds for canola and other oilseeds, cereal crops and corn among other pest control applications. Use of neonicotinoids worldwide is currently increasing faster than other insecticides including carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids, largely due to their utility as a seed treatment, their high plant systemic activity in combination with reduced effectiveness and health concerns of other neuroactive