In-situ prepared nanoparticles and their role in heavy oil upgrading

随着对高价值石油产品需求的增加和原油来源的非常规化，对有效的重油改造工艺的需求日益增长。升级过程包括将重馏分转化为具有更高氢碳比的轻馏分和馏分，并去除杂原子，最终改善燃烧特性并减少燃料利用对环境的影响。主要的升级过程属于加氢裂化和/或热裂化，这可能涉及催化剂。催化升级是重油转化为轻质油最有前途的技术。该催化剂通过降低给定反应的活化能势垒，降低了升级反应的严重程度，提高了选择性。重油通过催化反应和热反应裂解和氢化，产生更有价值的馏分油。渣油升级中使用的典型催化剂是支撑在氧化铝和/或二氧化硅基体上的钼、钴、镍和/或钨的氧化物。

There is a growing need for effective heavy oil upgrading processes as the demand for high value petroleum products is mounting and the sources of crude oil are becoming more and more unconventional. Upgrading processes involve converting heavy fractions into light fractions, distillates, with higher hydrogen to carbon ratio and removing heteroatoms, which ultimately improve the combustion characteristics and reduce the environmental impact of fuel utilization. Major upgrading processes fall under hydrocracking and/or thermalcracking, which may involve catalysts. Catalytic upgrading is the most promising technology for the conversion of heavy oils into lighter products. The catalyst reduces the severity of the upgrading reactions and enhances the selectivity by reducing the activation energy barrier of given reactions. Heavy oil is cracked and hydrogenated by both catalytic and thermal reactions to produce more valuable distillates. Typical catalysts used in residue upgrading are oxides of molybdenum, cobalt, nickel and/or tungsten supported on a matrix of alumina and/or silica.