Bringing lower crustal rocks closer to the surface: testing exhumation models in the Grenville Province

山带的核心区通常暴露出以前位于地壳深处（即20-50公里）的大片岩石，这一想法令人着迷。了解这些岩石是如何被带到地表的，这种现象被称为“挖掘”，是地质学家面临的最具挑战性的问题之一。传统上认为，这是由于在造山阶段结束时压应力松弛后的伸展，但越来越多的证据表明，岩石在压应力阶段也向地表移动。先进的数值模型甚至指出，位于生长的山带核心深处的热岩石和韧性岩石的流动与气候驱动的地表侵蚀之间存在复杂的耦合。这种后一种模式的原型，通常被称为“渠道流”，是喜马拉雅山，许多研究表明，在模型和观测特征之间有相对较好的匹配。我的研究项目集中在更容易到达的qusamubec地区的Laurentians，那里暴露着古老的喜马拉雅山规模的山脉带的遗迹，即Grenville省。对这个有着10亿年历史的山带的研究是对喜马拉雅山脉研究的一个极好的补充，因为它显然已经完成了造山和消失的阶段，并且暴露了以前位于地壳深处的更大面积的岩石。该计划的骨干是在我博士研究期间发表的通用测试中适应格伦维尔省的挖掘模型的诊断测试。我的团队由研究生带领，本科生承担，加拿大和国际合作者，省级调查，科学方法是：1)对重点区域进行详细的地质填图和构造分析；2)确定主要结构的日期；3)确定岩石穿过研究样带的压力-温度-时间路径。目前的研究项目是在Grenville省进行的第一个整合地球物理、野外测绘和先进结构分析的研究项目，以及相平衡建模、矿物扩散数值模拟和高分辨率U-Pb地质年代学等尖端实验室分析。对格伦维尔省构造演化的进一步了解将允许测试数值模型的有效性，反过来，提供改进它们所需的参数信息。在此过程中，完成各种项目所需的先进方法的出版物将为所有从事高品位岩石研究的研究人员提供一种有效的方法来研究这些复杂的岩石，并通过深入了解地壳深处发生的变形和变质过程，从而使他们受益。缩小一点，重要的是要认识到，尽管它传统上不是矿产勘探的目标，但Grenville省确实含有有趣的矿藏，特别是由于迫切需要满足指数增长的世界需求而被确定为战略的金属。这很可能是因为它们位于复杂变形和变质的岩石中，因此需要一种战略和有效的勘探策略，如果没有本研究计划旨在建立的那种坚实的科学基础，这是不可能的。最后，拟议的研究计划最重要的影响将是培养下一代高质量的野外地质学家，他们在这个技术进步的世界里正变得越来越罕见，但没有他们，这种进步是不可能的，因为他们提供了基本的原始成分。

It is fascinating to think that the core-zone of mountain belts generally exposes large areas of rocks formerly located very deep in the crust (i.e.20-50 km). Understanding how these rocks were brought towards the surface, a phenomenon termed "exhumation", is one of the most challenging problem faced by geologists. It has traditionally been ascribed to extension that commonly follows relaxation of compressive stresses at the end of a mountain building phase, but a growing body of evidences indicate that rocks are transported towards the surface during the compressive stages as well. Advanced numerical models even point to complex coupling between the flow of hot and ductile rocks located deep in the core of a growing mountain belt and climate-driven surface erosion. The archetypal of this later model, commonly referred to as “channel flow”, is the Himalayas, for which numerous studies have indicated a relatively good match between modeled and observed features. My research program focuses on the much more accessible Laurentians in Québec where the vestige of an ancient Himalayan-scale mountain belt, the Grenville Province, is exposed. Investigating this one billion years old mountain belt is an excellent complement for the Himalayan studies, because it has obviously completed its mountain building and vanishing phases and it exposes a much larger areas of rocks formerly located in the deep crust. The backbone of the program is a diagnostic test of exhumation models adapted to the Grenville Province from the generic test published during my doctoral studies. The scientific approach of my team, led by graduate students shouldered by undergraduate students, Canadian and international collaborators, provincial surveys, is to: 1) conduct detailed geological mapping and structural analysis of key areas; 2) date the main structures; 3) determine pressure-temperature-time paths followed by rocks across studied transects. The current research program is the first conducted in the Grenville Province to integrate geophysics, field mapping, and advanced structural analyses, with cutting-edge laboratory analyses such as phase equilibria modeling, numerical modeling of diffusion in minerals, and high-resolution U-Pb geochronology. The improved understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Grenville Province will allow for testing the validity of numerical models and, in turn, provides information on parameters needed to improve them. Along the way, publications of the advancement methods required to complete the various projects will benefit to all researchers working in high-grade rocks by providing them an efficient methodology to study these complex rocks and by giving insights into deformation and metamorphic processes taking place in the deep crust. Zooming out a bit, it is important to realize that although it has traditionally not been targeted for mineral exploration, the Grenville Province do contains interesting mineral deposits, notably in metals identified as strategic because of the urgency to meet the exponentially increasing World needs. This is most likely because they sit in complexly deformed and metamorphosed rocks, and thus requires a strategic and efficient exploration strategy, which is impossible without the kind of solid scientific foundation that this research program aims at building. Finally, the most significant impact of the proposed research program will be the formation of a future generation of high-quality field geologists, who are becoming a rarity in this world of technological advancements, but without whom such advancements would be impossible, for they provide its essential raw constituents.