Development of a standardized protocol that quantifies kinematic and kinetic effects of protective equipment on the human body

个人防护设备（PPE），特别是防护服，主要是为了尽量减少冲击力;然而，设备对人体的影响往往被忽视。穿戴PPE会增加心血管和代谢成本，增加出汗率，导致潜在的认知缺陷，并增加肌肉骨骼需求。最近的证据让Reebok-CCM曲棍球重新思考他们的设计过程，从创造适合守门员风格的最轻的保护设备，到设计一个也解决了与穿戴PPE相关的问题的球门垫。 修改Reebok-CCM球门垫的第一步是了解PPE如何向下半身施加力。这将提供有关守门员在移动时如何向垫施加力的信息，但最重要的是，它将量化PPE如何调节施加到身体的地面反作用力。本提案中的第一项任务涉及制定一项用于量化PPE-受试者界面压力的协议。第二项任务是将该协议应用于15名当地精英守门员。守门员将在3.4 m x 2.3 m的合成冰面上用三种不同风格的守门员垫进行一系列运动，同时记录他们的运动学和PPE-主体界面压力。最终，这将提供一个信息数据库，识别当穿着不同风格的球门垫时，对守门员下半身施加的压力是如何改变的。第三个也是最后一个任务是完成和验证一个全面的链接段力学（LSM）模型。这个多轴LSM模型的完成将使个人的关节力学分析时，他们穿着PPE。 一旦完成，将通过比较LSM模型计算的关节力矩与肌肉激活水平（肌电图; EMG）得出的髋关节力矩估计值，验证逆动力学LSM。该LSM模型的成功完成将为Reebok-CCM提供一种研究工具，用于量化各种设备类型和修改对受试者肌肉骨骼应力的影响。

Personal protective equipment (PPE), specifically protective clothing, is primarily designed to minimize impact forces; however, the effect that the equipment has on the human body is often overlooked. Wearing PPE can increase the cardiovascular and metabolic cost, increase sweat rate leading to potential cognitive deficits and increase musculoskeletal demands. This recent evidence has Reebok-CCM hockey re-thinking their design process from creating the lightest most protective equipment that suits a goaltender's style of play, to designing a goal pad that also addresses the problems associated with wearing PPE. The initial step to modifying Reebok-CCM's goal pads is to understand how the PPE applies forces to the lower body. This will provide information about how goaltenders apply forces to the pad while they are moving, but most importantly, it will quantify how ground reaction forces applied to the body are being modulated by the PPE. The first task in this proposal involves developing a protocol for quantifying the PPE-subject interface pressures. The second task involves applying this protocol to 15 local elite goaltenders. Goaltenders will perform a series of movements, in three different styles of goalie pad, on a 3.4m x 2.3m synthetic ice surface while simultaneously recording their kinematics and PPE-subject interface pressures. Ultimately, this will provide a database of information that identifies how the applied pressures to the goaltenders lower body are altered when wearing different styles of goal pad. The third and final task involves completing and verifying a comprehensive link segment mechanics (LSM) model. The completion of this multi-axis LSM model will enable analysis of individuals' joint mechanics when they are wearing PPE. Once completed the inverse dynamics LSM will be verified by comparing the joint moments calculated from the LSM model against estimates of hip joint moments derived from muscle activation levels (electromyography; EMG). The successful completion of this LSM model will provide Reebok-CCM with a research tool for quantifying the effects of various equipment styles and modifications on subject musculoskeletal stresses.