Evolutionary biochemistry of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels

在最基本的层面上，我们的神经系统是一个由称为神经元的特殊细胞组成的复杂电路，这些细胞使用电信号相互通信。这个过程依赖于嵌入在神经细胞膜上的蛋白质，称为离子通道，它的活动既产生并传播这些电信号。数十亿年的进化导致了一系列令人震惊的离子通道多样性，不同类型的离子通道响应于各种刺激而打开和关闭。 配体门控离子通道是大自然的终极分子传感器，它在结合小的化学配体时打开。它们通过将小分子的结合与跨膜离子传导孔的打开相结合，将化学信号转换为电脉冲。我的新研究计划的短期目标是了解配体门控离子通道功能的机制。从长远来看，这一见解将被用来指导具有独特化学特性的配体门控离子通道的工程。这些基于配体门控离子通道的“生物传感器”将被遗传编码，这意味着它可以无缝集成到未来基于细胞的治疗和诊断系统中。 我们设计配基门控离子通道生物传感器的能力受到目前我们对通道结构、功能和机制理解上的空白的限制。为了揭示神秘的配体门控离子通道功能的结构和机制基础，这项由研究生和本科生组成的团队将结合一种新的、创新的进化生物化学方法来进行单分子生物物理实验。进化生物化学方法包括绘制蛋白质的进化历史，以追踪导致现代蛋白质功能的氨基酸序列的变化。重建了祖先配基门控离子通道的氨基酸序列，以便这些祖先通道能够在单分子水平上被“复活”和表征。这一新的和新兴的方法代表了一种探索配体门控离子通道氨基酸序列的合理方式，以阐明阻碍传统方法的结构-功能关系。其结果将是更好地了解配体门控离子通道的基本结构和功能，这将为设计具有独特性能的用作化学生物传感器的通道打开大门。这些基因编码的生物传感器将具有广泛的诊断、治疗和工业应用，为加拿大人带来社会经济利益。

At its most basic level our nervous system is an intricate circuit of specialized cells called neurons that communicate with each other using electrical signals. This process relies on proteins embedded in the neuronal membrane, called ion channels, whose activity both generates and propagates these electrical signals. Billions of years of evolution have led to a staggering array of ion channel diversity, with different ion channel types opening and closing in response to a variety of stimuli. Ligand-gated ion channels, which open upon binding small chemical ligands, are Nature’s ultimate molecular sensors. They convert chemical signals into electrical impulses by coupling the binding of small molecules to the opening of a membrane-spanning ion conducting pore. The short-term goal of my new research program is to understand mechanisms of ligand-gated ion channel function. In the long-term, this insight will be used to guide the engineering of ligand-gated ion channels with unique chemical specificities. These ligand-gated ion channel-based “biosensors” will be genetically encoded, meaning that can be seamlessly integrated into future cell-based therapeutic and diagnostic systems. Our ability to engineer ligand-gated ion channel biosensors is limited by current gaps in our understanding of channel structure, function, and mechanism. To uncover the structural and mechanistic basis of enigmatic ligand-gated ion channel functions, the proposed research, which will be carried out by a team of graduate and undergraduate students, will couple a new and innovative evolutionary biochemistry approach to single molecule biophysical experiments. The evolutionary biochemistry approach involves charting the evolutionary history of proteins, in order to trace the changes in amino acid sequence that gave rise to modern day protein functions. The amino acid sequences of ancestral ligand-gated ion channels are reconstructed so that these ancestral channels can be “resurrected” and characterized at the single molecule level. This new and emerging approach represents a rational way of exploring ligand-gated ion channel amino acid sequences, in order to illuminate structure-function relationships that have stymied conventional approaches. The result will be a better understanding of fundamental aspects of ligand-gated ion channel structure and function, which will open the door to designing channels with unique properties for use as chemical biosensors. These genetically encoded biosensors will have broad diagnostic, therapeutic and industrial applications, leading to socio-economic benefits for Canadians.