Dual Mechanisms of Control in Cognitive and Motor Aging

执行功能（EFs）包括涉及复杂活动的各种认知控制过程，如多任务处理和协调行动。因此，EFs可以影响老年人日常生活活动的成败。双重控制机制（Dual Mechanisms of Control， DMC）理论（Braver et al., 2007）假设了两种认知控制模式。在主动模式下，与目标相关的信息在工作记忆中被主动保存，使注意力偏向以防止干扰。在反应模式中，当没有任务相关的线索可用时，控制是在即时的基础上被招募的。DMC框架假设，在老年阶段，被动控制得以维持，而主动控制则会减弱。目前，对这些假设的支持主要基于简单的键盘反应时间任务（AX-CPT, Stroop, Flanker）。

Executive functions (EFs) encompass a variety of cognitive control processes implicated in complex activities such as multitasking and coordinated action. As such, EFs can influence the success or failure of activities of daily living in old age. The Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) theory (Braver et al., 2007) postulates two modes of cognitive control. In the Proactive mode, goal-relevant information is actively maintained in working memory, biasing attention to prevent interference. In the Reactive mode, when no task-relevant cues are available, control is recruited on a just-in-time basis. The DMC framework assumes that whereas reactive control is maintained in old age, proactive control declines. Presently, support for these assumptions is largely based upon simple keyboard reaction time tasks (AX-CPT, Stroop, Flanker).