Eruptive processes of maar-diatreme volcanoes

火山是地球上第二常见的火山地貌，它们的喷发对人类和财产都是危险的。在maar陨石坑的下面坐落着一个火山口，即一个由火山碎屑碎屑填充的地下结构。金伯利岩中含有钻石，包括加拿大的几个钻石矿。钻石开采在加拿大是一个价值数十亿美元的产业。因此，无论是从自然灾害的角度还是从经济的角度来看，火山喷发过程都是非常重要的。提出的工作方案将结合(1)利用现代火山学、地层学和地球化学技术，对世界上一些最好的火山口进行详细的实地研究，以获得更真实的火山-火山口火山碎屑沉积特征；(2)实验室规模和现场规模的实验，模拟特定的火山-火山口就位过程，特别是在火山口中发生的过程。实验将涉及几个国际合作者，研究项目将培养四名研究生。为火山观测站或民防机构工作的科学家将能够在他们的工作中使用对火山的进一步了解。经济效益将有利于加拿大的资源部门，因为目前研究计划的许多发现将适用于金伯利岩地裂带。了解控制金伯利岩管道中钻石分布的因素是加拿大钻石采矿业面临的一项基本挑战，这与金伯利岩放置过程直接相关。目前研究项目产生的新信息将适用于金伯利岩油田，如Fort-à-la-Corne， SK；Lac-de-Gras NWT;Attawapiskat /维克多,;在那里，它将帮助钻石公司更有效地勘探、评估和开采金伯利岩管道。

NATURE OF THE WORK TO BE DONEMaars are the second most common type of volcanic landform on Earth, and their eruptions are hazardous to people and property. Underneath the maar crater sits a diatreme, i.e. a subterranean structure filled by pyroclastic debris. Kimberlitic diatremes can contain diamonds, including at several Canadian diamond mines. Diamond mining is a multi-billion dollar industry in Canada. Therefore, the eruptive processes of maar-diatreme volcanoes are important to understand both from a natural hazards perspective and an economic standpoint.The proposed work program will combine (1) detailed field studies of some of the best exposures of diatremes in the world, using modern volcanological, stratigraphic and geochemical techniques to obtain a more realistic picture of the characteristics of maar-diatreme pyroclastic deposits, and (2) lab-scale and field-scale experiments to model specific maar-diatreme emplacement processes, especially those going on in the diatreme. The experiments will involve several international collaborators and the research program will train four graduate students. WHY THE RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT scientists working for volcano observatories or civil protection agencies will be able to use the improved understanding of maar-diatreme volcanoes in their work.The economic benefits will be to Canada's resource sector, because many findings of the present research program will be applicable to kimberlitic diatremes. Understanding the factors that control the distribution of diamonds in kimberlite pipes is a fundamental challenge for the Canadian diamond mining industry, and this is directly linked with kimberlite emplacement processes. New information generated from the current research program will be applicable to kimberlite fields such as Fort-à-la-Corne, SK; Lac-de-Gras, NWT; Attawapiskat/Victor, ON; or Renard, QC, where it will help diamond companies explore, evaluate and mine kimberlite pipes more efficiently.