Monitoring and Modelling Lake Ice in Canada

加拿大的湖泊是景观的主要组成部分，在该国的大部分地区都有冰雪覆盖。湖冰对气候变率很敏感，近年来湖冰状况发生的变化主要是通过模拟和卫星数据记录到的，因为加拿大的地面观测网到1990年代末基本上已不复存在。卫星图像对于监测结冰/关闭的时间非常有用，但是，它目前在确定冰厚方面的用途有限。湖冰模式为研究冰期和厚度过程以及气候对湖泊冰盖的影响变化提供了一个合适的选择。湖泊的空间方面使建模和监测工作复杂化。在湖面上，或在邻近的湖泊上，冰盖的形成或消融可能不是均匀的。这是由于冰的形成和衰变受到湖泊大小和形状以及上覆积雪的影响，这可能导致冰的厚度在空间上发生变化。

Canada’s lakes are a dominant part of the landscape and experience ice cover in most regions of the country. Lake ice is sensitive to climate variability and changes occurring in lake ice regimes in recent years have been primarily noted through modelling and satellite data since the ground based observation network in Canada essentially ceased to exist by the late 1990s. Satellite imagery can be very useful for monitoring the timing of ice-on/off, however, it currently has limited use for determining ice thickness. Lake ice models present a suitable option for examining ice duration and thickness processes as well as climate influenced changes to the ice cover of lakes. Complicating both modelling and monitoring efforts are the spatial aspects of lakes. Ice cover may not form or decay uniformly across a lake surface, or across lakes in close proximity. This is due to the ice formation and decay being affected by the lake size and shape, as well as the overlying snow cover, which can result in spatially varying ice thickness.