Tribology of Advanced Materials and Coatings

加拿大政府最近的一份报告估计，加拿大工业每年的磨损成本为数十亿美元。在本提案中，将利用摩擦学（磨损和摩擦）原理开发新型涂层，以满足石油和天然气工业的技术进步。* 石油和天然气管道受到严重的侵蚀和腐蚀条件，这可能导致灾难性的故障。除了对生命和环境造成不可逆转的损害之外，这种失败的全球代价非常高。这就需要寻找更好的上级内部保护涂层。保护石油和天然气管道钢的传统方法是使用环氧基涂料。然而，为了满足日益增长的能源需求，今天的管道在更高的压力和温度下运行，在这些苛刻的条件下，传统的保护方法不能提供足够的结果。* 化学镍磷（Ni-P）涂层提供了环氧基涂层的出色替代品。Ni-P镀层比许多市售镀层具有上级的耐腐蚀性，以及高硬度、均匀厚度和低摩擦系数。然而，化学镀Ni-P涂层的韧性低。涂层韧性差导致耐腐蚀性和耐凹痕性降低。脆性涂层的凹痕可能导致在涂层管道的安装和维护过程中的布氏损坏。凹痕导致钢表面暴露，这导致加速侵蚀和腐蚀。Ni-P的低韧性限制了其在需要高耐腐蚀性和耐凹痕性的应用中的使用。* 为了提高Ni-P涂层的韧性，我建议在涂层内加入超弹性TiNi形状记忆合金颗粒。TiNi颗粒的加入被认为大大提高了涂层的韧性以及其耐腐蚀性和耐凹痕性。预期TiNi颗粒在侵蚀和凹陷事件期间延缓涂层的破裂。由于其独特的超弹性效应，TiNi有望吸收伴随侵蚀和凹陷事件的机械能。本研究的目的是开发和研究使用新型化学镀Ni-P-TiNi超弹性复合涂层的石油和天然气工业的适用性。新涂层有望表现出高的耐腐蚀性和耐凹陷性。* 加拿大石油工业以其在整个运营过程中对健康和安全的最高标准的承诺而闻名。本提案将加强加拿大在防止管道故障及其对生命和环境的灾难性影响方面的立场。此外，拟议的研究将通过防止停机时间来提供经济效益。拟议的研究预计将产生可用于石油和天然气以及其他相关行业的新技术。

A recent a government of Canada report estimated that the cost of wear to Canadian Industry is in the billions of dollars annually. In the present proposal the principles of tribology (wear and friction) will be exploited to develop novel coatings to meet technological advances in the oil and gas industry. ***Oil and gas pipelines are subjected to severe erosive and corrosive conditions, which could lead to catastrophic failure. The global cost of such failure is very high, in addition to the irreversible damage to life and the environment. This has necessitated the search for superior internal protective coatings. The traditional method for protecting oil and gas pipeline steels is the use of epoxy-based coatings. However, to satisfy the ever-increasing demand for energy, today pipelines are operated at higher pressures and temperatures, under these sever conditions, traditional protection methods do not provide adequate results. ***Electroless nickel-phosphorous (Ni-P) coatings provide excellent alternative to epoxy-based. Ni-P coatings exhibit superior corrosion resistance over many commercially available coatings, as well as, high hardness, uniform thickness and low coefficient of friction. However, electroless Ni-P coatings suffer from low toughness. Inferior toughness of coatings leads to reduced erosion and dent resistance. Denting of brittle coatings can lead to Brinell damage during installation and maintenance of coated pipes. Denting results in exposure of the steel surface, which leads to accelerated erosion and corrosion. The low toughness of Ni-P has limited its use in applications where high erosion and dent resistance in required. ***To enhance the toughness of the Ni-P coatings, I propose to incorporate particles of superelastic TiNi shape memory alloy within the coating. The addition of TiNi particles is believed to greatly enhance the toughness of the coating as well as its erosion and dent resistance. The TiNi particles are expected to retard cracking of the coating during erosion and denting events. Due to its unique superelastic effect, TiNi is expected to absorb the mechanical energy that accompany erosion and denting events. The objective of this research is to develop and investigate the applicability of using novel electroless Ni-P-TiNi superelastic composite coating for the oil and gas industry. The new coating is expected to exhibit high erosion and dent resistance. ***The Canadian petroleum industry is known for its commitment to the highest standards for health and safety throughout its operations. The present proposal will strengthen Canada's position in preventing pipeline failures and their catastrophic effect on life and environment. In addition, the proposed research would provide economic benefit by preventing down-time. The proposed research is expected to result in new technology that would be available to the oil and gas and other relevant industries.