Treatment and Recovery of High-Strength Wastewater Using an Integrated Electrocoagulation and Membrane Distillation Process**

石油天然气工业中不同来源的高浓度废水对传统的废水处理设施提出了巨大的挑战。悬浮固体、溶解固体、油和油脂、盐度的水平升高是这种HSW的一些共同特征。从非常规天然气资源中开采天然气需要管理大量废水，这些废水在天然气开采后作为回流或采出水返回地面。为了限制不同污染物向环境的排放，HSW必须经过越来越严格的处理过程，以达到最佳的排放或再利用标准。电凝聚法具有简单、可靠、经济等优点，在HSW的预处理中具有广阔的应用前景。EC与牺牲金属电极的阳极溶解相关联以产生原位凝结剂。新生金属离子是非常有效的混凝剂，并迅速形成大的絮体，这反过来又可以物理吸附悬浮固体，胶体颗粒和化学吸附HSW中的污染物。膜蒸馏技术是一种新兴的利用废水进行脱盐或回用水的技术。MD是一种热驱动过程，允许水蒸气通过膜，与反渗透不同，它不是压力驱动的。与其他热过程相比，MD在低得多的温度下运行，并且可能使用低级废热和太阳能或地热能作为能源。EC与MD的集成可以为石油和天然气行业的HSW制定可持续的水回收工艺。**该项目的成果将大大增加该公司的价值，Kleinfelder加拿大公司，加拿大一般。实际上，该项目旨在为HSW的回收和再利用制定切实可行的解决方案，并减少从不同来源抽取淡水。拟议的综合EC-MD系统预计将回收大部分废水用于再利用。*

High-strength wastewater (HSW) generated from different sources in oil and gas industries poses a great challenge for treatment in conventional wastewater treatment facilities. Elevated levels of suspended solids, dissolved solids, oils and grease, salinity are some common characteristic features of such HSW. Extraction of gas from unconventional natural gas resources requires the management of large amounts of wastewater that return to the surface, after gas extraction, as flowback or produced water. To limit the discharge of different contaminants to the environment, HSW must be subjected to increasingly intense treatment processes to achieve optimal discharge or reuse standards.**Application of electrocoagulation (EC) has the potential for pre-treatment of HSW due to its simple, reliable and cost-effectiveness. EC is associated with the anodic dissolution of a sacrificial metal electrode to generate in situ coagulants. The nascent metal ions are very efficient coagulants and quickly form large flocs, which in turn can physically adsorb suspended solids, colloidal particles and chemically adsorb pollutants from HSW. Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging technology to produce fresh water by desalination or reusable water from pre-treated wastewater. MD, a thermally driven process, allows water vapor to pass through a membrane and unlike reverse osmosis is not pressure driven. MD operates at much lower temperatures compared to other thermal processes and potentially can use low-grade waste heat and solar or geothermal energy as an energy source. Integration of EC with MD can formulate a sustainable water recovery process for HSW in the oil and gas industries.**The outcomes of this project will significantly add value for the company, Kleinfelder Canada Inc., and Canada in general. In effect, this project aims to develop practical solutions for the recovery and reuse of HSW and reduce withdrawal of freshwaters from different sources. The proposed integrated EC-MD system is expected to recover large fraction of the wastewater for reuse.******