Thermal-diffusive instabilities, soot and carbon nanotube formation in unstrained diffusion flames

燃烧系统是大量化学反应同时发生且与流体力学过程紧密耦合的复杂机器。因此，在不受扰动影响的简单结构中收集每个现象的基本知识通常是有用的。在这个项目中，我们使用一种独特的实验燃烧器来研究无张力扩散火焰中与燃烧相关的现象。在这种结构中，反应物分别提供给反应室，火焰具有一维内部结构，允许与理论模型进行直接定量比较。尽管这种构型看起来离实际应用还很远，但它被广泛用于开发理论模型，例如关于热扩散不稳定性的理论模型。它还与火焰概念有关，广泛用于燃气轮机中遇到的湍流部分预混燃烧的数值模拟。**这里提出的研究计划针对两个主要主题，在这两个主题中，这一独特工具的使用可以为加拿大能源转换部门特别感兴趣的复杂燃烧相关现象提供新的见解。在减少化石或生物来源碳氢化合物燃烧排放的愿望的背景下，几种产品是密集研究的主题。例如，二氧化碳(CO2)是主要的温室气体，煤烟等细颗粒物是严重的健康危害，氮氧化物(NOx)是城市污染和酸雨的罪魁祸首。然而，减少其中一种排放的尝试往往是以牺牲另一种排放的增加为代价的，或者可能导致不可接受的性能下降。**本提案中包括的第一个研究主题是调查在接近消光极限时形成的热扩散不稳定性(TDI)。在燃气轮机应用中，用稀薄混合气操作燃烧室是一种广泛用于降低排放的技术，目前的趋势使其更容易受到TDIS发展的影响，因此有必要进行研究，以确定稀薄混合气的安全运行条件。我们的工作旨在为扩散火焰稳定性理论模型的定量验证提供实验结果。第二个研究主题是扩散火焰中碳烟颗粒的形成和聚集。使用我们的实验配置可以有利地研究这些现象，其中可以形成稳定的烟灰层，并且可以精确地控制颗粒的停留时间。**此外，在上述燃烧器中进行了观察之后，又启动了两个研究项目。这项建议的第三个研究轴集中在研究火焰环境中碳纳米管的形成。更具体地说，我们的反应室中流动的无张力和一维性质为各种碳纳米结构的生长提供了独特的条件，包括没有催化剂的纳米管。本提案的第四个也是最后一个研究轴线涉及开发技术来浓缩和分类气溶胶的需要，例如，作为颗粒大小的函数。我们正在实施一种利用声学力量对多分散亚微米气溶胶执行高级浓缩和分选任务的方法。虽然最初的动机是将碳纳米管从火焰同时产生的烟尘中分离出来，但这种基于声学的技术与能源转换部门的广泛工业应用有关。

Combustion systems are complex machines in which a large number of chemical reaction take place simultaneously and closely coupled with fluid mechanics processes. It is therefore often useful to gather fundamental knowledge on each phenomenon in simple configuration uncoupled from perturbing influences. In this project we are using a unique experimental burner to investigate combustion-related phenomenon in unstrained diffusion flames. In this configuration, the reactants are provided separately to the reaction chamber and the flame has a one-dimensional inner structure which allows for direct quantitative comparison with theoretical models. Although this configuration can seem far from practical applications it is used extensively for the development of theoretical models, for instance on thermal-diffusive instabilities. It is also relevant to the flamelet concept, used extensively for the numerical modelling of the turbulent partially-premixed combustion encountered in gas turbines.**The research program presented here targets two main topics where the use of this unique tool can provide novel insight into complex combustion-related phenomena of particular interest for the canadian energy-conversion sector. In the context of the desire to reduce emissions from the combustion of hydrocarbons from fossil or biological origin, several products are the subject of intense research. For instance, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the dominant greenhouse gas, fine particulate such as soot are a serious health hazard and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are responsible for urban pollution and acid rain. However, attempts to reduce one of these emissions is often made at the expense of an increase in another or can result in an unacceptable decrease in performance.**The first research topic included in this proposal is the investigation of thermal-diffusive instabilities (TDIs) that form close to the extinction limit. The current trend to operate combustors with lean mixtures, a technique used extensively to to lower emissions in gas turbine applications, makes them more susceptible to the development of TDIs and research is necessary to to identify safe operating conditions in lean mixtures. Our work aims to provide experimental results for the quantitative validation of theoretical models for diffusion flame stability. The second research topic focuses on the formation and aggregation of soot particles in diffusion flame. These phenomena can be advantageously investigated using our experimental configuration where a stable soot layer can be formed and the residence time of the particles can be controlled precisely.**Additionally, two more research projects have been initiated following observation made in the burner mentioned above. The third research axis of this proposal focuses on the investigation of carbon nanotube formation in flame environments. More specifically, the unstrained and one dimensional nature of the flow in our reaction chamber offers unique conditions for the growth of a wide variety of carbon nano-structures, including nanotubes without catalysts. The fourth and final research axis of this proposal addresses the need to develop techniques to concentrate and sort aerosols, for instance as a function of the particle size. We are implementing an approach based of the use of acoustic forces to perform advanced concentration and sorting tasks on polydisperse sub-micron aerosols. Although initially motivated by our desire to separate the carbon nanotubes from the soot simultaneously produced by the flame, such acoustic-based techniques are relevant to a wide range of industrial applications in the energy conversion sector.