Biogeochemistry and ecohydrology of northern peatlands

加拿大沿着其他196个缔约方在联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）巴黎第21届缔约方大会（COP 21）上承诺将温室气体排放量限制在不超过工业化前全球气温上升2摄氏度的水平。 这意味着大气中温室气体的增加不能超过约450至500 ppm CO2当量- 2016年是CO2浓度将超过400 ppm的第一年！与COP 21的大多数其他缔约方不同，加拿大在其活植被和土壤中含有不成比例的世界陆地碳。 这对我们如何管理我们的碳景观有着巨大的影响-减少化石燃料的排放，只让它们被土地使用变化或无意的生物圈反馈的排放所取代是没有意义的。我的研究项目集中在加拿大和世界上密度最高的碳生态系统-泥炭地。* 北方泥炭地占世界陆地面积的约6%（约占加拿大的12%），含有500至700 Gt C（加拿大泥炭地为150 Gt C），每年排放40至50 Tg甲烷（占全球排放量的10%，天然来源的20%以上）。然而，我们对泥炭地以及它们对环境变化的反应的研究，比几乎所有其他主要生态系统都要贫乏得多。这是令人不安的，因为泥炭地已被确定为生态系统，如果受到干扰，可能会导致地球系统的临界点。泥炭地是独一无二的，因为它们的结构和功能受到水文反馈的强烈调节。因此，它们是复杂的生态系统-它们对外部压力的变化表现出一系列的适应能力，但也可能发生超出其稳定限度的灾难性变化。* 我的研究计划的目标是了解泥炭地的复杂性，这样我们就可以预测对环境变化的敏感性。我的短期目标是进一步探索水文和生态系统过程之间的反馈和跨尺度模式，因为它们是泥炭地稳定性的一个新特性;研究由于长距离运输和土地利用变化沿着气候变化而增加的营养物质如何影响它们的碳循环和与大气的碳交换;并提高我们模拟泥炭地地球化学过程的能力。 * 我将通过经验和理论研究的结合来实现我的目标，并将知识的进步应用于提高我们预测未来环境变化对泥炭地的影响以及泥炭地变化对地球系统的影响的能力。通过这项研究计划，我将培养几名本科生，一名硕士和五名博士在跨学科的生态地球科学的生态地球化学和生态水文学。他们将学习成为独立的科学家，为他们在学术界，政府和/或私营部门的研究事业做好准备。

Canada, along with 196 other parties, committed at the United National Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCC) Paris' 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21) to limit greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) to levels that would achieve no more than 2oC increase from pre-industrial global temperature. This means the increase in GHGs in the atmosphere cannot exceed ~450 to 500 ppm CO2 equivalents – 2016 is the first year that CO2 concentrations will exceeded 400 ppm! Unlike most of the other parties to COP 21, Canada contains a disproportionate amount of the world's terrestrial carbon in its living vegetation and soils. This has huge implications for how we manage our carbon landscape – it makes no sense to reduce fossil fuel emissions to have them only replaced by emissions from land-use change or inadvertent biospheric feedbacks. My research program focusses on the highest density carbon ecosystem in Canada and the world – peatlands. *** Northern peatlands cover ~ 6% of the world's land area (~12% of Canada), contain somewhere between 500 and 700 Gt C (150 Gt C in Canadian peatlands), and annually emit 40 to 50 Tg of methane (10% of global emissions and > 20% of natural sources). Yet our outstanding of peatlands and how they might respond to environmental change is much poorer than almost all other major ecosystems. This is troubling as peatlands have been identified as ecosystems that, if disturbed, could be contribute to tipping points in the Earth System. Peatlands are unique because their structure and function is strongly regulated by hydrological feedbacks. Hence, they are complex ecosystems – they show a range of resilience to changes in external stressors but can change catastrophically beyond their limits of stability. *** My research program's objectives are to understand the complexity of peatlands so we can project the sensitivity to environmental change. My short-term objectives are to further explore the feedbacks between the hydrology and ecosystem processes and patterns across scales because they are an emergent property of peatland's stability; to examine how nutrients whose input is increasing due to long range transport and land-use change, along with climate change, influence their carbon cycle and carbon exchanges with the atmosphere; and to improve our ability to simulate peatlands biogeochemical processes. *** I will attain my objectives through a combination of empirical and theoretical studies and apply the advances in knowledge to improving our ability to project the consequences of future environmental change on peatlands, and the consequences of changes in peatlands on the earth system. Through this research program I will train several undergraduates, a M.Sc. and five PhDs in the interdisciplinary biogeosciences of biogeochemistry and ecohydrology. They will learn to become independent scientists preparing them for research careers in the academia, government and/or the private sector.