Metamorphism and ductile flow in the deep crust - controls and tectonic consequences

下大陆地壳的活动控制着山带的生长和衰败。特别地，在造山过程中地壳增厚会导致地壳深处的融化，造成地壳强度的大幅度降低。融化后的地壳会根据与造山有关的压力梯度向外或向上流动，并可能以中部地壳通道的形式横向输送数百公里，或被重新加工成大型韧性褶皱。已经俯冲到地幔深处（=100公里）的大陆地壳的融化甚至可能有助于其返回地表。虽然深部地壳无法直接观测，但这些过程的地质证据来自深侵蚀大陆地壳中的变质片麻岩地体和新近暴露的年轻山带区域。这些岩石包含矿物组合和结构特征，在高温和高压下在数十到数百公里的尺度上流动，其结构表明变形过程中存在熔融。在大陆地壳上部，岩浆向较冷的近地表区域的输送会深刻地改变周围岩石的热收支、强度和行为。***本建议侧重于融化和造山过程之间的相互作用。为了解决难以接近的问题，我结合了从深度侵蚀的山带进行的实地观测和模拟造山物理的计算机模型。在挪威西部，以前俯冲的大陆地壳显示出广泛的融化证据，但关于融化是在岩石还在地幔深处还是在它们返回地表时开始的，一直存在争论。在安大略中部，一个有着十亿年历史的山带的裸露的根部为研究融化和造山作用之间的关系提供了一个理想的天然实验室。在这种情况下，融化开始得相对较早，导致地壳变弱和堆积，并将破碎的高压变质岩运送到地表。在世界上最大的活动山带喜马拉雅-西藏系统中，假定中间地壳的融化驱动了弱地壳的横向流动，作为中间地壳通道，流向山前数百公里。这种“渠道流动”假说在首次提出十多年后仍然存在争议，但用于测试竞争观点的新概念和方法已经出现，这应该有助于解决这场争论。新斯科舍省南部和纽芬兰东北部的岩石保存了岩浆侵入如何影响上层地壳的绝佳证据。利用岩石学和计算机方法的新颖结合，所提出的研究将解决有关变质作用、熔融作用和造山过程的因果关系的一些长期存在的问题

The behaviour of the lower continental crust controls the growth and decay of mountain belts. In particular, crustal thickening during mountain-building can lead to melting in the deep crust, causing a profound reduction in crustal strength. The melt-weakened crust can then flow outward or upward in response to the pressure gradients associated with mountain-building, and may be transported hundreds of kilometres laterally as mid-crustal channels or reworked into large ductile folds. Melting of continental crust that has been subducted to mantle depths (=100 km) may even assist its return to the surface. Although the deep crust is inaccessible to direct observation, geological evidence for these processes comes from metamorphic gneiss terranes in deeply eroded continental crust and recently exposed regions of younger mountain belts. These rocks contain mineral assemblages and structures characteristic of flow on scales of tens to hundreds of kilometres at high temperature and pressure, with textures indicating that melt was present during deformation. In the upper continental crust, transport of magma into cool near-surface regions can profoundly change the heat budget, strength, and behaviour of the surrounding rocks.***This proposal focuses on interactions between melting and mountain-building processes. To get around the problem of inaccessibility I use a combination of field observations from deeply eroded mountain belts and computer models that simulate the physics of mountain building. In western Norway, formerly subducted continental crust displays widespread evidence of melting, but there is continuing debate about whether melting started when the rocks were still at mantle depths or during their return to the surface. In central Ontario, the well-exposed roots of a billion-year-old mountain belt offer an ideal natural laboratory for examining the relationship between melting and orogenesis. In this case, melting began relatively early, leading to weakening and stacking of the crust and transport of dismembered high-pressure metamorphic rocks toward the surface. In the world's largest active mountain belt, the Himalayan-Tibetan system, melting of the middle crust is postulated to have driven lateral flow of weak crust as a mid-crustal channel for hundreds of kilometres toward the mountain front. This "channel flow" hypothesis is still controversial more than a decade after it was first proposed, but new concepts and methods for testing competing ideas have emerged that should help to resolve the debate. Rocks in southern Nova Scotia and northeastern Newfoundland preserve excellent evidence of how magma intrusions affect the upper crust. Using a novel combination of petrological and computer methods, the proposed research will resolve some persistent questions concerning cause vs. effect with respect to metamorphism, melting, and mountain-building processes.**