Multimodal approaches towards a better understanding of feelings of familiarity

熟悉是一种基本的记忆过程，它提醒我们以前经历过一些事情。研究人员使用了三种常用的测量熟悉度的方法之一。这项研究报告了与年轻人相比，健康的老年人的熟悉程度有轻微的、有时是显著的缺陷。遗忘性轻度认知障碍（aMCI）在熟悉性研究中特别有趣，因为最早的病理发生在嗅周皮层（即Braak ' s经鼻内皮层）和嗅内皮层，这两个区域在aMCI中表现出细胞丢失和皮层变薄。大多数神经影像学研究发现，嗅周激活与熟悉性有关，对局灶性病变患者的研究发现，熟悉性缺陷损害了嗅周皮层。因此，假设与健康老年人相比，aMCI中的熟悉度受损是合乎逻辑的，但证据是混合的：当条件支持高水平的回忆时，aMCI中的熟悉度不受影响，但当条件支持低水平的回忆时，与健康老年人相比，aMCI中的熟悉度受损。我认为回忆的高贡献掩盖了aMCI中熟悉度的缺陷，并且可能在健康的老龄化中，我们需要利用新的方法来测量无回忆环境中的熟悉度。******我建议将HQP应用于健康的年轻人和老年人、有鼻周皮层病变的成年人以及因aMCI导致神经退行性鼻周皮层的老年人的熟悉度研究中。前五个实验将从行为的角度考察熟悉度。实验1、2和5将重点关注熟悉度的编码操作，通过改变刺激在频率评级之前偶然编码的频率。实验3、4和5将集中于检索操作熟悉度，使用响应截止日期程序和识别-不识别程序。在实验6、7和8中，我们将使用事件相关电位、瞳孔扩张和皮肤电导反应进一步研究最稳健编码和检索操作中熟悉度的生物标志物。我预测，与健康的年轻人相比，健康的老年人，特别是由于aMCI或病变而导致的周围皮层受损的人，将表现出熟悉性缺陷，并损害早期新旧事件相关的潜在影响、瞳孔扩张和皮肤电导潜伏期。******这一提议需要挑战回忆和熟悉是随机独立的基本概念，并提供了一种多模态方法，将重塑该领域对熟悉感的理解。了解熟悉感的保留和受损将使我们更好地理解人类记忆体验的范围。

Familiarity is a fundamental memory process that alerts us that we have experienced something before. Researchers have used one of three prevailing methods used to measure familiarity. This research has reported small and sometimes significant familiarity deficits in healthy older adults, compared to younger adults. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is of particular interest in the study of familiarity because the earliest pathology occurs in the perirhinal cortex (i.e., Braak s transentorhinal' cortex) and entorhinal cortex, two regions that show cell loss and cortical thinning in aMCI. Most neuroimaging research finds perirhinal activation associated with familiarity, and research with patients with focal lesions finds familiarity deficits damage to the perirhinal cortex. It would thus be logical to hypothesize that familiarity is impaired in aMCI, compared to healthy older adults, but the evidence is evenly mixed: when conditions support high levels of recollection, familiarity is spared in aMCI, but when conditions support low levels of recollection, familiarity is impaired in aMCI, compared to their healthy counterparts. I suggest that higher contributions of recollection overshadow familiarity deficits in aMCI, and potentially in healthy aging, and that we need to utilize new methods to measure familiarity in recollection-free contexts.******I propose to supervise HQP in the study of familiarity in healthy younger and older adults, adults with lesioned perirhinal cortex, and older adults with neurodegenerated perirhinal cortex due to aMCI. The first five Experiments will examine familiarity from a behavioural perspective. Experiments 1, 2, and 5 will focus on encoding manipulations of familiarity, by varying the frequency with which stimuli are incidentally encoded prior to frequency ratings. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 will focus on retrieval manipulations familiarity, using a response deadline procedure, and a recognition-without-identification procedure. Biomarkers of familiarity in the most robust encoding and retrieval manipulations will then be further examined in Experiments 6, 7, and 8, using event-related potentials, pupil dilation, and skin conductance responses. I predict that compared to healthy young adults, healthy older adults and especially people with damaged perirhinal cortex due to aMCI or lesions will demonstrate familiarity deficits and compromised early old/new event-related potential effects, pupil dilation, and skin conductance latency.******This proposal heeds calls to challenge the fundamental notion that recollection and familiarity are stochastically independent, and provides a multimodal approach that will reshape the field's understanding of feelings of familiarity. Understanding both spared and impaired feelings of familiarity will provide us with a better understanding of the range of human mnemonic experience.