Evolutionary ecology of parasite-host species interactions

寄生虫-宿主物种相互作用的进化生态学：宿主物种利用，抗性进化和寄生虫聚集。关于寄生虫及其宿主物种的协同进化相互作用已经有很多研究。也就是说，研究人员经常对一些问题感兴趣，例如为什么有些寄生虫和病原体物种是令人讨厌的，而另一些相对良性;或者，为什么有些寄生虫或病原体物种具有广泛的宿主物种范围，而其他人往往是专家，对于他们生命周期的给定阶段。由于不对称选择，寄生虫和病原体通常被认为在进化上占优势。这是因为寄生虫和病原体通常具有比其宿主更短的世代时间，具有比其宿主多得多的感染阶段，并且对于其生长、发育和/或繁殖具有对宿主个体的强制性依赖。* 然而，这一观点掩盖了这样一个事实，即寄生虫经常与其他物种共享宿主资源，而且许多寄生虫物种有几个宿主物种，即使在同一地点和同一时间范围内。并发多主机，多寄生虫协会设置阶段扩散的生态和进化之间的相互作用，寄生虫和他们的主机。这种扩散的相互作用在自然界中可能很常见，但相对而言却很少受到关注。在这个应用程序中，我将概述一些更突出的假说内和种间变异的寄生和主机的电阻和它的关系，生态的寄主物种和寄主物种范围的寄生生物。我的实验室在研究各种蜻蜓及其体外寄生螨以验证这些假设方面有着丰富的传统。 与我的HQP，我还将解决寄生虫聚集在宿主物种上的进化原因和重要性，这被认为是生态寄生虫学的一般规律之一，并对寄生虫之间的种内和种间相互作用产生影响。测试和洞察力已经变得更加强大，以下：条形码技术的出现，以前被认为是困难的实验方法，物种相互作用的地理比较，以及基于经验结果的方程模型，所有这些都是本赠款周期的建议方法。样本制备和分类是在我的实验室完成的;安大略生物多样性研究所和AgCan的合作者做条形码。实验方法是可能的与CFI资助的环境室和NSERC RTI资助的蔡司显微镜和Conviron培养箱。我们为地理研究选择了地点，我们拥有基于方程建模的专业知识。学生从我，其他HQP和collabotators获得有效的培训，一个到几个实验和统计技术。* （详见CCV、提案和随附贡献）。

Evolutionary ecology of parasite-host species interactions: host species use, evolution of resistance, and parasite aggregation.****Much ink has been spilled about co-evolutionary interactions of parasites and their host species. That is, researchers are often interested in questions such as why some parasites and pathogen species are nasty, whereas others are relatively benign; or, why some parasites or pathogen species have broad host species ranges whereas others tend to be specialists, for a given stage of their life cycle. Parasites and pathogens are often seen as having the evolutionary upper hand over their hosts because of asymmetric selection. This is because parasites and pathogens often have shorter generation times than their hosts, have infective stages that are much more numerous than their hosts, and have an obligate dependence on host individuals for their growth, development and/or reproduction. *** However, this view belies the facts that parasites often share host resources with other species and also that many parasite species have several host species, even at single sites and over the same time frames. Concurrent multi-host, multi-parasite associations set the stage for diffuse ecological and evolutionary interactions amongst parasites and their hosts. Such diffuse interactions are likely common in nature, yet have received comparatively little attention.*** In this application, I will outline some of the more prominent hypotheses about intra- and interspecific variation in parasitism and host resistance and its relation to ecology of host species and host species range of parasitic organisms. My lab has a rich tradition in studying various species of dragonflies and their ectoparasitic mites to test such hypotheses. With my HQP, I will also address the evolutionary causes and importance of parasite aggregation on host species, which is deemed one of the general laws of ecological parasitology and which has implications for intra-and interspecific interactions among parasites.*** Tests and insights have become much stronger with the following: the advent of barcoding techniques, experimental approaches previously deemed difficult, geographical comparisons of species interactions, and equation-based models building on empirical results, all of which are proposed approaches for this grant cycle. Sample preparation and taxonomy is done in my lab; collaborators at Biodiversity Institute of Ontario and AgCan do barcoding. Experimental approaches are possible with CFI-funded Environmental Rooms and NSERC RTI-funded Zeiss microscope and Conviron incubators. We have sites chosen for the geographical studies and we have expertise with equation-based modeling. Students gain effective training from me, other HQP and collabotators with one to several experimental and statisitical techniques. ***(See CCV, Proposal and Attached Contributions for details).