An HRI Framework for Designing AV-Pedestrian Interaction

随着自动驾驶汽车（AV）的出现，我们每天都会遇到AV-行人互动，当穿越街道，使用人行横道或穿过停车场时。通过将自动驾驶汽车视为机器人，自动驾驶汽车与行人的互动成为人机互动（HRI）理论和实践的一个大规模案例研究，人们在使用城市道路时每天都会与机器人互动，可能会产生严重和关键的后果。该计划的重点是无人驾驶汽车和行人之间的互动的挑战和机遇，建立在我们集团的广泛的HRI经验。*司机与行人互动时，会使用一套精心设计的提示，反映他们的意图和意识。有了自动驾驶汽车，没有司机，这些线索将不得不被技术取代或改进。我们的计划通过研究自动驾驶汽车和行人之间的互动设计空间来解决这一挑战。我们认为AV行人互动作为人与机器人之间的社会互动的一个实例，并计划受益于计算HRI和域的实践和社会互动，非语言行为，安全和接受机器人接口的洞察力现有的知识体系。我们的程序的方法是建立在界面的设计，使自动驾驶汽车沟通的意识和意图，行人，以下三个主题：*（1）原型自动驾驶行人界面和交互技术。我们将原型化，设计和实现一套自动驾驶汽车和行人之间的接口和交互技术。这些接口将向行人传达自动驾驶汽车的意识和意图，并将安装在车载自动驾驶汽车上，由行人携带，嵌入道路基础设施中，或这些实现的混合。(2)开发沉浸式AV行人测试平台。由于安全问题和无人驾驶汽车的不可用，研究无人驾驶汽车与行人的相互作用是困难的。为了解决这个问题，我们将开发虚拟现实（VR）和增强现实（AR）沉浸式AV行人模拟器，并将研究行人在各种环境中与AV的互动。* （3）AV接口评估和框架。我们将在模拟和实际的AV设置中集成和评估我们的AV行人界面和交互技术，开发演示应用系统，工具包和AV与行人之间交互的理论框架。** 该计划的三个子项目将提供新颖的界面原型，交互技术，测试台，研究和发现。我们将使用这些与计算HRI理论相结合，形成新的工具包，模型和框架，以了解自动驾驶汽车和行人之间的相互作用。开发的工具，原型和理论将帮助研究人员，行业和政策制定者提供支持自动驾驶汽车和行人之间互动的实用技术。长期的影响将是安全有效的自动驾驶汽车与行人的互动，以及提高我们社会对自动驾驶汽车的接受程度。

With the emergence of autonomous vehicles (AVs), we will all encounter AV-pedestrian interaction daily, when crossing streets, using crosswalks, or walking through parking lots. By viewing AVs as robots, AV-pedestrian interaction emerges as a massive-scale case study of human-robot interaction (HRI) theory and practice, where people will interact with robots everyday as they use their city roads, with possibly serious and critical consequences. This program focuses on the challenges and opportunities of interaction between AVs and pedestrians, building on our group's extensive HRI experience.******Drivers interact with pedestrians using an elaborate set of cues reflecting their intentions and awareness. With AVs, and the absence of drivers, these cues will have to be replaced, or improved, by technology. Our program addresses this challenge by examining the design space of interaction between AVs and pedestrians. We consider AV-pedestrian interaction as an instance of social interaction between people and robots, and plan to benefit from the body of knowledge existing in computational HRI and the domain's practice and insight on social interaction, non-verbal behavior, safety, and acceptance of robotic interfaces. Our program's methodology is founded on the design of interfaces allowing AVs to communicate awareness and intent to pedestrians, following three themes:******(1) Prototyping AV-Pedestrian Interfaces and Interaction Techniques. We will prototype, design and implement a set of interfaces and interaction techniques between AVs and pedestrians. The interfaces will communicate AV's awareness and intent to pedestrians, and will be installed on-board AVs, carried by pedestrians, embedded within roads infrastructure, or a mixture of these implementations.******(2) Developing Immersive AV-Pedestrian Testbeds. Studying AV-pedestrian interaction is difficult due to safety concerns and AVs unavailability. To address this we will develop virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) immersive AV-pedestrian simulators, and will examine pedestrian' interaction with AVs in various settings. ******(3) AV Interfaces Evaluation and Framework. We will integrate and evaluate our AV-pedestrian interfaces and interaction techniques in mock and actual AV setups, developing demonstration application systems, toolkits, and theoretical frameworks for interaction between AVs and pedestrians. ******The program's three sub-projects will provide novel interface prototypes, interaction techniques, test-beds, studies, and findings. We will use these in conjunction with computational HRI theories to form new toolkits, models and frameworks for understanding interaction between AVs and pedestrians. The tools, prototypes and theories developed will help researchers, industry, and policymakers with practical technologies supporting interaction between AVs and pedestrians. Long term impact will be safe and effective AV-pedestrian interaction, and improved acceptance of AVs in our society.**