Quarks in cosmos and heavy ion collisions

宇宙学和粒子物理学之间存在着基本的联系，它们在所有尺度上都得到了很好的确立。特别是，早期宇宙的物理学、重生和宇宙学的核合成都是基于我们对粒子物理学的现代理解。该项目的目标是研究温度T、化学势和所谓的theta参数为非零的异常环境中的QCD。人们普遍认为，在早期宇宙的QCD时期，theta参数不是零。假设由于轴子场的动力学，theta参数松弛到零，40年前假设轴子场的动力学是为了解决所谓的强CP问题。该提议的主要目的是研究在QCD跃迁过程中与轴子场动力学有关的各种不同的物理效应。这个项目中没有几个主题是内在相关的：*1.在QCD的简化版本中的分析，即所谓的“形变QCD”，它保留了强耦合QCD的所有相关元素，如禁闭、拓扑扇区的简并、非平凡的θ依赖，以及许多其他允许我们测试强相互作用QCD的吸引人的特征的重要方面。*2.将这些全新的想法应用于重离子碰撞、天体物理学和宇宙学。特别是，我正在与资深天体物理学人员和粒子物理实验学家密切合作，测试一项提议，即暗物质问题和重子发生问题内在地相互关联，应该同时解决，因为观测到的暗物质密度和观测到的重子密度在星等上非常相似。如果这些成分来自不同的物理，那么与目前的观测结果相比，它们肯定有很大的不同。这一提议的关键元素是不消失的Cp-奇参数theta的存在，它由于所谓的电荷分离效应而产生了宇宙中观察到的物质和反物质之间的不对称性。这一建议提供了非常具体和独特的预测，可以通过一些现有的和升级的仪器进行测试，例如升级的CAST(CERN Axion Search Telescope)。*3.我的项目的第三部分是基于这样的观察，即项目1中非常微妙的理论构建元素可以在桌面实验中进行测试。所谓的拓扑卡西米尔效应(TCE)的测量可能有助于揭示所谓真空能量的本质。类似的桌面实验可以设计成对麦克斯韦理论中的theta参数本身很敏感。关于测量TCE的建议与所有以前的建议有很大不同，这些建议对theta的导数敏感，但对theta参数本身不敏感。***

There are fundamental links between cosmology and particle physics, which have been well established at all scales. In particular, the physics of the early Universe, baryogenesis, cosmological nucleosynthesis are based on our modern understanding of particle physics. The goal of the project is the study of QCD in the unusual environment when temperature T, chemical potential and the so-called theta parameter are non-zero. It is generally accepted that the theta parameter was not zero during the QCD epoch in early Universe. It is assumed that the theta parameter relaxes to zero as a result of the dynamics of the axion field, which was postulated 40 years ago to resolve the so-called strong CP problem. The main objective of the proposal is to study a variety of different physics effects related to the dynamics of the axion field during the QCD transition. There are few themes in the project which are inherently related:***1. The analysis in a simplified version of QCD, the so-called ``deformed QCD" which however preserves all the relevant elements of strongly coupled QCD such as confinement, degeneracy of topological sectors, nontrivial theta dependence, and many other important aspects which allow us to test some fascinating features of strongly interacting QCD. ***2. Application of these fundamentally new ideas to heavy ion collisions, astrophysics and cosmology. In particular, I am closely collaborating with senior astrophysics people and particle physics experimentalists to test a proposal that the dark matter problem and baryogenesis problem are inherently linked to each other and should be solved simultaneously as the observed dark matter density and the observed baryon density are very similar in magnitudes. If these components are originated from different physics they must be drastically different, in contrast with present observations. The key element in this proposal is the presence of non-vanishing CP-odd parameter theta which generates the observed asymmetry between matter and antimatter in the Universe as a result of the so-called charge separation effect. This proposal gives very specific and unique predictions which can be tested by a number of existing and upgraded instruments such as upgraded CAST (CERN Axion Search Telescope). ***3.The third part of my project is based on the observation that very subtle elements of the theoretical construction from item 1 could be tested in a table top experiment. The measuring of the so-called Topological Casimir Effect (TCE) may shed some light on the nature of the so-called vacuum energy. Similar table top experiment could be designed to be sensitive to the theta parameter itself in the Maxwell Theory. The suggested idea on measuring of the TCE is very different from all previous proposals which are sensitive to the derivatives of theta, but not to theta parameter itself. ***