Modelling Sea Surface Wind Vectors with Coherent Dual Polarization Synthetic Aperture Radar

加拿大是一个海洋国家，其经济和总体福祉与海洋密切相关。 加拿大北极的海冰继续达到超过历史水平的年度最低值，增加了船舶交通和资源开采，并延长了加拿大东部的冰山季节。大型游轮开始往返于西北航道和巴芬湾的沃茨，使北方社区面临新的经济机会。 然而，全球变暖造成了这些无冰条件，也导致了极端天气，增加了北方海上作业的风险。 这项研究的总体目标是提高加拿大监测加拿大北部风场的能力，包括北极岛屿之间的航道以及格陵兰岛和纽芬兰岛之间的沃茨。 成像雷达是收集加拿大北方沃茨信息的理想工具，因为它能够在夜间或白天以及包括厚云在内的所有天气中成像。 成像雷达可以发射和接收特定偏振的微波，就像偏振太阳镜可以阻挡从具有特定偏振的水中反射的光一样。 加拿大航天局正准备发射新一代成像雷达卫星，称为雷达卫星星座使命或RCM。 这些新的卫星将能够传输一种偏振，并在传输的同一偏振下创建一个图像，加上完全相反偏振的第二个图像。 这被称为双极化。 在这项研究中，我将探索使用双极化雷达图像的海洋，以创建风速和风向的地图。 为了做到这一点，我将在每幅图像中观察能量的强度，我将联合收割机与每幅图像中的多普勒频率结合起来。 多普勒效应是由移动接收器接收的波的频率的变化。 当一辆消防车从你身边驶过时，你会听到这种效果--当它接近时会发出高音，当它离开时会发出低音。 当雷达接近一片海面时，它处于较高的频率，当它飞过时，频率变得较低。 当接收器移动时，这种情况变得更加复杂，例如，如果消防车在您骑自行车时向您驶来。 接近时的频率甚至更高，当雷达经过时会变得更低。 这种效应是可以预测的（并且对于每个极化都是不同的），并且与海面的运动有关，进而与风速和风向有关，这就是我将要估计的。

Canada is a maritime nation, whose economy and general well-being is closely tied to the sea. The sea ice in Canada's Arctic continues to reach annual minima that exceed historical levels, increasing ship traffic and resource exploitation, as well as extending the iceberg season in eastern Canada. Massive cruise ships are starting to ply the waters of the Northwest Passage and Baffin Bay exposing northern communities to new economic opportunities. Yet, global warming, which has created these ice-free conditions, has also led to extreme weather, which increases the risks of maritime operations in the North. The overall objective of this research is to improve Canada's capability of monitoring the wind field in Canada's north, including the channels between the Arctic islands, and the waters between Greenland and Newfoundland. An imaging radar is the perfect instrument for gathering information over Canada's northern waters as it is capable of imaging night or day and in all weather, including thick clouds. Imaging radar can transmit and receive microwaves at certain polarizations, like polarizing sunglasses can block out light reflected from the water that has a certain polarization. The Canadian Space Agency is preparing to launch a new generation of imaging radar satellites, called the Radarsat Constellation Mission or RCM. These new satellites will be able to transmit one polarization, and create one image, at the same polarization that was transmitted, plus a second image at the exact opposite polarization. This is called dual-polarization. In this research I will explore the use of dual-polarized radar images of the sea to create maps of wind speed and direction. To do this I will look at the intensity of the energy in each image, and I will combine this with the Doppler frequency in each image. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a wave that is received by a moving receiver. You hear this effect when a fire engine drives past you - it is a high pitched sound as it approaches, and a lower pitched sound as it drives away. As the radar approaches a patch of sea surface it is at a higher frequency, and as it flies past the frequency gets lower. This situation gets more complicated as the receiver moves, e.g. if the fire engine is driving towards you as you are riding your bike. The frequency on approach is even higher and gets even lower as the radar passes by. This effect is predictable (and different for each polarization), and is related to the movement of the sea surface, and in turn to both the wind speed and direction, which is what I will estimate.