Understanding the Fundamentals of Combustion-Generated Soot Nanoparticle Formation and Restructuring

世界在多个方面面临威胁。在过去十年中，气候变化增加了破坏性极端气候事件的数量，例如2016年麦克默里堡野火，预测表明这一趋势将恶化。与此同时，2015年，环境颗粒物导致420万人死亡，并呈上升趋势。世界在减轻气候变化和颗粒物的负面影响方面面临巨大挑战。烟尘（炭黑）纳米颗粒是气候变化的第二大贡献者，也是颗粒物的主要贡献者。为了我们星球和物种的健康，必须减轻烟尘纳米颗粒排放的这些负面影响。然而，减轻烟尘负面影响的努力受到严重阻碍。总的来说，航空业的增加、缺乏预测模型以及排放物与大气特性之间的联系不明确，都对减缓造成了风险。长期研究计划的愿景是开发模型，将烟尘的基本、实用设备和大气方面联系起来，为有效的缓解策略提供信息。这些模型将有助于监管机构了解排放的颗粒必须具有哪些特性才能达到特定的大气状态（从而减少气候/健康影响），以及实现这些排放颗粒特性的可行性。该计划的短期目标使实现这一愿景的战略进展，包括低风险和高风险方面。这项长期研究计划将为政策制定者提供所需的知识，以制定法规，从而最大限度地减轻煤烟对气候变化和人类健康的破坏性影响。该计划还将为行业提供计算工具和HQP，以符合成本效益的方式满足这些新法规。该计划具有高度的创新性和冒险性，旨在将烟尘排放和大气变化联系起来，但它也结合了更传统的烟尘形成研究。将发现对烟尘形成和大气转化过程的基本理解，从而导致解决这些问题所需的HQP培训。短期目标旨在创建第一个烟尘成分和涂层诱导重组的定量模型，为长期研究愿景及时采取措施。

The world faces threats on multiple fronts. Climate change has increased the number of damaging extreme climate events, such as the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire, in the past decade with projections indicating this trend will worsen. At the same time, ambient particulate matter caused 4.2 million deaths in 2015, with an increasing trend. The world faces grand challenges in mitigating the negative effects of climate change and particulate matter. Soot (black carbon) nanoparticles are the second largest contributor to climate change and major contributor to particulate matter. It is imperative for the health of our planet and species that these negative effects from soot nanoparticle emissions be mitigated. However, the move towards mitigating the negative effects of soot is severely hindered. Overall, increases in aviation, lack of predictive models, and the unclear link between emitted and atmospheric properties all pose risks to mitigation. The long-term research program vision is to develop models to link together the fundamental, practical device and atmospheric aspects of soot to inform effective mitigation strategies. These models will help regulators understand what properties emitted particles must have to achieve a given atmospheric state (and hence lesser climate/health impact) and feasibility of achieving these emitted particle properties. The short term objectives of the program enable strategic progress towards this vision and include both low-risk and high-risk aspects. The long-term research program will provide policy makers the knowledge they need to create regulations that can mitigate the damaging climate change and human health effects of soot with maximum results. The program will also provide industry with the computational tools and HQP they need to meet these new regulations in a cost-efficient manner. The program is highly innovative and risk-taking in its aim to link together soot emissions and atmospheric transformations, yet it combines more traditional soot formation research as well. Fundamental understanding of the soot formation and atmospheric transformation process will be discovered, leading to training of HQP needed to tackle these issues. The short term objectives aim to create the first quantitative models for soot composition and coating-induced restructuring, making timely steps towards the long term research vision.