Organismal responses of freshwater fish to elevated carbon dioxide

气候变化、水产养殖和水生入侵物种管理都使淡水鱼暴露于高浓度的二氧化碳中，因此了解高二氧化碳对鱼类的影响是必要的。例如，来自劳伦森大湖和欧洲水库的最新数据表明，淡水环境中二氧化碳的增加是普遍存在的；来自许多水产养殖设施的证据表明，高二氧化碳限制了鱼类产量；并且，通过注入二氧化碳制造的屏障被用来限制水生入侵物种的分布。然而，淡水鱼是如何对环境二氧化碳的长期变化做出反应的，这在很大程度上是未知的。我的长期目标是了解淡水鱼类在生物和进化尺度上对二氧化碳浓度升高的反应。在接下来的五年里，我将解决三个短期目标：1)确定淡水鱼类对二氧化碳升高的有机体和分子反应；2)评估鱼类在面临其他非生物和生物挑战（如寄生负荷、营养状况和热应激）时对二氧化碳升高的反应；3)探索淡水鱼对二氧化碳升高的多代反应（如繁殖产出、亲代效应和跨代驯化）。完成目标1下的研究将使我能够确定个体对高二氧化碳的负面影响程度，并将适用于了解高二氧化碳如何限制水产养殖生产以及二氧化碳的急剧变化可能影响野生鱼类的速度。目标2将在上述目标的基础上，通过了解其他挑战，特别是热应激、寄生负荷和营养状况，对鱼类对二氧化碳升高的反应所起的作用。解决目标3将使我能够预测未来与人口水平变化相关的高二氧化碳的表型反应。我的目标是通过监测生物（例如，从整个动物的新陈代谢）和进化（例如，从多代繁殖）尺度上的反应，提高我们对环境二氧化碳对淡水鱼影响的理解。我的研究将支持有关气候变化、水产养殖技术和入侵物种管理的政策决定和保护实践。因此，我的研究项目是相关的，可以提高加拿大水产养殖设施的鱼类产量，并为加拿大天然鱼类种群和水生环境的保护管理提供信息。最终，我将帮助预测全球淡水鱼的数量将如何被不断上升的二氧化碳水平所改变。

Climate change, aquaculture, and aquatic invasive species management all expose freshwater fishes to elevated CO2 and it is therefore imperative to understand the consequences of high CO2 on fish. For example, recent data from the Laurentian Great Lakes and European reservoirs show that increasing CO2 in freshwater environments is pervasive; evidence from many aquaculture facilities suggest that high CO2 limits fish production; and, barriers made by injecting CO2 are being used to limit the distribution of aquatic invasive species. Largely unknown, however, is how freshwater fish respond to prolonged changes to environmental CO2. My long-term objective is to understand responses of freshwater fishes to elevated CO2 across biological and evolutionary scales. Over the next five years, I will address three short-term objectives: 1) determine organismal and molecular responses to elevated CO2 in freshwater fishes; 2) assess fish responses to elevated CO2 when faced with other abiotic and biotic challenges, such as parasitic load, nutritional status, and thermal stress; and 3) explore multigenerational responses in freshwater fishes to elevated CO2 (e.g., reproductive output, parental effects, and transgenerational acclimation). Completing studies under Objective 1 will allow me to determine the degree to which individuals experience negative consequences to high CO2 and will be applicable to understanding how high CO2 limits aquaculture production and the rate at which acute changes in CO2 might influence wild fishes. Objective 2 will build on the above objective by understanding the role that other challenges, specifically thermal stress, parasitic load, and nutritional status, have on fish responses to elevated CO2. Addressing Objective 3 will allow me to project into the future the phenotypic responses to high CO2 that will relate to population-level changes. My aim is to improve our understanding of environmental CO2 effects on freshwater fishes by monitoring responses across biological (e.g., metabolism to whole-animal) and evolutionary (e.g., reproductive output to multigenerational) scales. My research will support policy decisions and conservation practices related to climate change, aquaculture technology, and invasive species management. Therefore, my research program is relevant and can improve Canadian fish production at aquaculture facilities and inform conservation management of Canada's natural fish populations and aquatic environments. Ultimately, I will help predict how global freshwater fish populations may be altered by rising CO2 levels.