Reliable and Secure Data-Sharing Architecture, Situational Awareness and Electrical-failure Modelling for SMRs

核反应堆的安全可靠运行需要安装许多冗余传感器，以收集有关这些资产状况和状态的关键和实时信息。小型模块化反应堆（SMR）和微型反应堆将同样配备良好的仪表，并可部署在无人值守的偏远地区，这使得远程监控对于成功运行至关重要。通过公共互联网或专用网络将不同的传感器连接到控制室或远程操作员的智能传感器网络可以提供这样的要求。虽然使用传感器网络提供了优势和理想的功能，但由于其有限的计算能力和ad-hoc操作，它们可能容易受到网络攻击。此外，通过向公众提供关于反应堆性能和运行状态数据的实时信息，可以获得公众对核电，特别是SMR和微型反应堆的信任和接受。这种访问可能在SMR和微型反应堆中更为关键，因为这些系统可能部署在更靠近城市中心或远程运行的地方。此外，基于SMR的发电厂的先进数字控制室需要设计来自不同位置的传感器数据和同步测量，以便为核运营商提供电网的实时快照。该提案旨在通过开发检测和预测对SMR传感器数据和连接网络的网络攻击的机制来解决这些问题，为公众访问创建基于区块链的安全可信的数据共享架构。此外，SMR的电气侧故障建模提出了确定电网的整体可靠性，停电或停电的电网的概率，并制定一个电网恢复策略时，SMR再次上线。 提出了一种广域态势感知系统，用于状态估计、模型验证、系统健康分析和系统上的“假设”型突发事件，例如SMR与电网失去连接时。

Safe and reliable operation of nuclear reactors requires the implementation of many redundant sensors that collect crucial and real-time information about the condition and status of these assets. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and microreactors will be similarly well instrumented and may be deployed in remote areas unattended by operators, which makes remote monitoring vital for successful operation. Intelligent sensor networks connecting different sensors to control rooms or remote operators via public internet or private networks can provide such requirements. Although using sensor networks provide advantages and desirable features, they can be susceptible to cyber-attacks due to their limited computational capabilities and ad-hoc operation. In addition, public trust and acceptance of nuclear power, in particular, SMRs and microreactors, can be gained by providing the public with real-time information on reactor performance and operating status data. Such access may be more critical in SMRs and microreactors because these systems may be deployed closer to urban centers or run remotely. Moreover, the advanced digital control rooms with SMR-based power plants will need to be designed with sensor data from various locations and synchronized measurements to get a real-time snapshot of the electric grid for nuclear operators. This proposal aims to address these issues by developing mechanisms to detect and predict cyber-attacks on SMR's sensor data and the connecting networks, creating a blockchain-based secure and trustworthy data-sharing architecture for public access. In addition, SMR's electrical side failure modelling is proposed to determine the overall reliability of the electric grid, the probability of brownout or blackout of the grids, and develop a grid restoration strategy when SMR is brought online again. A wide-area situational awareness system is proposed for state estimation, model validation, system well-being analysis and "what-if" type contingencies on the system, such as when SMR losses connection to the electric grid.