Molecular determinants of bacterial stress responses to reactive chlorine species

由于多种适应过程和应激反应，细菌能够在各种通常有害的环境条件下生存，如高温或低温、营养限制、低ph值或抗菌处理。生物膜的形成是多种细菌表现出的一种重要的适应和生存策略。生物膜是附着在表面并嵌入自产聚合物基质中的微生物群落。生物膜细菌已被证明具有独特的特性，包括增强的抗菌素耐受性和更高的抗菌素耐受性，导致许多技术环境（包括饮用水和废水工业）的细菌根除失败。在筛选不同的环境应激源时，我们发现氧化应激剂和常用的活性氯（RCS）以及消毒剂次氯酸钠[NaClO，家用漂白剂]，次氯酸钙[Ca(ClO)2]和氯胺[NH2Cl]强烈刺激铜绿假单胞菌的应激反应，并在亚致死浓度下增加生物膜的形成。这种增强的生物膜的形成对活性氯物质（如漂白剂和氯胺）非常特殊，但对其他被测试的氧化剂（如过氧化氢[H2O2]或除草剂百草枯）没有反应。我们推测，活性氯物质如漂白剂和氯胺引发的铜绿假单胞菌生物膜刺激是一种特异性的、严格控制的应激反应和防御机制，氯化不足可能导致抗逆性和存活率的增加。我们将通过以下目标来验证这些假设：1)鉴定和表征参与细菌应激反应和防御活性氯物种的关键基因；2)阐明rcs诱导的生物膜形成的调控网络；3)评估rcs诱导的应激反应和生物膜的生物学效应。我的研究项目的长期目标是了解细菌在恶劣环境中的应激反应和生存策略。这项工作将极大地推进我们对细菌感知和适应广泛使用的活性氯氧化剂的基本机制的基本认识，包括增强生物膜的形成，并将为许多重要的自然、家庭、工业或临床环境中控制细菌生长和生物膜的形成提供新的方法。

Bacteria are able to survive under a variety of often harmful environmental conditions such as heat or cold, nutrient limitation, low ph or antimicrobial treatment due to a multitude of adaptation processes and stress responses. One important adaptation and survival strategy exhibited by a wide range of bacteria is the formation of biofilms. Biofilms are communities of microorganisms attached to a surface and embedded in a self-produced, polymeric matrix. Biofilm bacteria have been shown to possess unique characteristics including increased stress resistance and higher antimicrobial tolerance leading to failures in bacterial eradication in many technical settings including drinking and waste water industries. During a screening of different environmental stressors, we identified that the oxidative stress agents and commonly used reactive chlorine species (RCS) and disinfectants sodium hypochlorite [NaClO, household bleach], calcium hypochlorite [Ca(ClO)2] and chloramine [NH2Cl] strongly stimulated Pseudomonas aeruginosa stress responses and increased biofilm formation at sublethal concentrations. This enhanced formation of biofilms was very specific to reactive chlorine species such as bleach and chloramine, but did not occur in response to other tested oxidants likes hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] or the herbicide paraquat. We hypothesize that Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm stimulation triggered by reactive chlorine species such as bleach and chloramine is a specific, tightly controlled stress response and defense mechanism and that inadequate chlorination could lead to increased stress resistance and survival rates. We will test these hypotheses with the following objectives: 1) Identify and characterize key genes involved in the bacterial stress response and defense against reactive chlorine species, 2) Elucidate the regulatory networks involved in RCS-induced biofilm formation, and 3) Evaluate the biological effects of RCS-induced stress responses and biofilms. The long-term goal of my research program is to understand bacterial stress responses and survival strategies in a hostile environment. This work will greatly advance our basic knowledge on fundamental mechanisms by which bacteria sense and adapt to widely used reactive chlorine oxidants including the enhanced formation of biofilms, and will suggest new ways to control bacterial growth and biofilm formation in many important natural, domestic, industrial or clinical settings.