Advanced Solar Domestic Water Heating Systems

标准能源的环境影响和可得性已变得越来越重要。虽然开发新能源是必要的，但努力实现更智能的能源使用和节能也是必要的。建筑物是能源效率的主要焦点，最雄心勃勃的努力旨在实现净积极的能源目标。热水占加拿大住宅总能耗的18%，因此高效的热水策略对实现这些目标至关重要。 太阳能家用热水（SDHW）系统已被证明是一种降低住宅建筑能耗的经济有效和可靠的方法。然而，这些系统带来了挑战。它们需要一个备用热源，以在太阳能输入不足的时期提供额外的热能。使用热泵是解决这一问题的最有效方法，它还可以提高太阳能收集效率并增加系统运行时间。热泵和SDHW技术的协同组合被称为太阳能辅助热泵（SAHP）。SDHW系统也不太适合建筑物能源需求和可用屋顶空间之间不匹配的情况（例如多单元住宅建筑）。使用排水热回收（DWHR）和光伏/太阳能热混合收集器（PV/T）将有助于解决这个问题。DWHR系统将提高进水温度，而PV/T板将同时为热泵和SDHW系统提供能量。 SDHW、热泵、DWHR和PV/T系统的组合有可能允许将SDHW系统用作建筑物中唯一的水加热源。这将使SDHW在寒冷的气候中成为一个更可行的选择，特别是在加拿大北部。使用这种设备组合还将降低系统的资本和运营成本。然而，要达到这一点，这些系统需要进一步发展。研究的目的是开发几种SAHP技术，并研究将DWHR和PV/T技术结合起来以提高系统性能指标的潜力。在接下来的五年里，拟议的研究计划将解决几个目标：分析和实验探索新的SAHP系统配置，准确的系统模型和控制策略的发展，SAHP集成与其他新的节能技术的评估，以及这些系统在现实世界中的评估。其总体目标是推动开发强大，可靠，经济和商业上可行的SDHW系统，开发设计工具，使建筑商和业主能够对技术做出明智的选择，并培训太阳能和建筑科学相关领域的人员。最终，这将使加拿大成为先进SDHW系统的世界领导者，并帮助减少建筑物的能源需求，从而使加拿大受益。

The environmental impact and availability of standard energy sources has become increasingly important. While developing new energy sources is necessary, so too are efforts towards smarter energy use and energy conservation. Buildings are a primary focus for energy efficiency, with the most ambitious efforts aimed at net-positive energy targets. Water heating represents 18% of total energy consumption in Canadian residences, so efficient water heating strategies are critical to meeting these targets. Solar Domestic Water Heating (SDHW) systems have proven to be a cost effective and reliable method of reducing energy consumption in residential buildings. These systems, however, present challenges. They require a back-up heat source to provide additional thermal energy during periods of insufficient solar input. Using a heat pump is the most effective way to address this, and it also improves solar collection efficiency and increases system run-time. The synergistic combination of heat pump and SDHW technologies is called a Solar Assisted Heat Pump (SAHP). SDHW systems are also poorly suited to situations where there is a mismatch between the building energy demand and the available roof space (e.g. multi-unit residential buildings). Using Drain Water Heat Recover (DWHR) and Photovoltaic/Solar Thermal Hybrid collectors (PV/T) would help address this issue. The DWHR system will increase the incoming mains water temperature, while the PV/T panels will simultaneously supply energy to the heat pump and SDHW system. The combination of SDHW, heat pumps, DWHR, and PV/T systems has the potential to allow the use of a SDHW system as the sole water heating source in a building. It would make SDHW a more viable option in colder climates, and in particular, in Canada's North. Using this combination of devices would also reduce the capital and operating costs of the system. To get to that point, however, the systems need further development. The objective of the research is to develop several SAHP technologies, and to examine the potential of incorporating DWHR and PV/T technologies to increase system performance metrics. Over the next five years, the proposed research program will address several objectives: the analytical and experimental exploration of novel SAHP system configurations, the development of accurate system models and control strategies, the assessment of SAHP integration with other novel energy efficient technologies, and the assessment of these systems in a real-world setting. The overarching goal is to advance the development of robust, reliable, and economically and commercially viable SDHW systems, to develop design tools that will allow builders and homeowners to make informed choices about the technology, and to train personnel in fields related to solar energy and building sciences. Ultimately, this will benefit Canada by making it a world leader in advanced SDHW systems, and by helping reduce the energy demands of buildings.