Indigenous fisheries conservation in a changing world

土著人民是独特文化和生活方式的继承者和实践者，其中包括往往与主流社会不同的捕鱼方法。虽然在殖民化之前，许多土著渔业已经进行了数千年的可持续管理，但人们对它们对鱼类、人类和两者居住的地方的好处或影响知之甚少。这些渔业在气候变化中如何生存是一个更大的未知数。作为UBC土著渔业中心的负责人，我的研究项目有一个长期目标，即在渔业科学方面提供突破，以了解并因此更好地管理渔业影响、鱼类和渔业对气候变化的反应以及土著渔业的保护战略的交叉点。我们的工作重点是加拿大西海岸，那里拥有鱼类和相关渔业，具有无与伦比的文化意义（太平洋鲑鱼），对该地区发生的快速气候变化高度敏感。在接下来的五年里，我和我在中心的学生将通过实验渔业研究收集新数据，通过与全省的土著合作伙伴合作来综合尚未开发的数据，并通过绘制我们针对不同气候变化情景的研究结果来制定未来的政策选择，努力实现这一长期愿景。我们的第一个目标是衡量当地渔业对鲑鱼的影响，这些鲑鱼不是由渔民捕捞的，而是作为副渔获物释放的，或者在上岸前逃逸的。这将涉及比较不同纬度地区从不同渔具（堰、渔网、浸网）中释放和逃脱的鲑鱼的命运，这些地区对气候变化的感受不同。我们的第二个目标是了解当地的鲑鱼捕捞方式是否以及如何随着气候变化而变化。坊间证据表明，由于鲑鱼供应量的变化，渔民正在改变捕鱼的时间、地点和方式，但这尚未得到正式调查或在全省范围内进行调查。我们的第三个目标是将这些影响和活动结合起来，预测它们之间的相互作用将如何在不同的气候变化情景中发挥作用。我们将使用模型来确定政策制定者和从业者可以采取的有利于鲑鱼有意义的保护结果的选择和行动。随着国际手工渔业和水产养殖年（2022年）的临近，以及加拿大将《联合国土著人民权利宣言》（2021年）纳入法律，我们正在目睹对土著渔业的重视明显转变。随着加拿大宣布长期关闭商业鲑鱼渔业（到2021年将关闭60%），我们比以往任何时候都更需要了解土著渔业在气候变化面前的影响、应对措施和战略。我们将满足这一需要，并作为与土著人民以及具有最高文化重要性的鱼类一起开展和为其开展的科学开辟新的领域。

Indigenous peoples are inheritors and practitioners of unique cultures and life ways, which include approaches to fishing that are often distinct from dominant society. While many Indigenous fisheries have been sustainably managed for millennia prior to colonization, relatively little is known about their benefits or impacts for fish, people, and the places both inhabit. How these fisheries are faring amidst climate change is an even larger unknown. As head of the Centre for Indigenous Fisheries at UBC, my research program has a long-term goal of providing breakthroughs in fisheries science to understand and thus better manage the intersection of fisheries effects, fish and fisheries' responses to climate change, and conservation strategies for Indigenous fisheries. Our work is focused on Canada's West Coast which boasts fish and associated fisheries of unparalleled cultural significance (Pacific salmon) that are highly sensitive to the rapid climate-driven changes occurring in the region. Over the next five years, my students in the Centre and I will work towards this long-term vision by collecting new data through experimental fisheries studies, synthesizing untapped data by engaging Indigenous partners across the province, and developing future policy options by charting our findings against different climate change scenarios. Our first objective is to measure the impacts of Indigenous fisheries for salmon not kept by fishers as harvest, but those released as bycatch or that escape before being landed. This will involve comparing the fate of released and escaped salmon from different fishing gears (weirs, fish traps, dip nets) across latitudes where climate change is felt differently. Our second objective is to see whether and how Indigenous fishing practices for salmon are changing in light of climate change. Anecdotal evidence suggests that fishers are altering when, where, and how they fish due to changes in salmon availability, but this has not been examined formally or on a province-wide scale. Our third objective is to bring these impacts and activities together to forecast how their interactions will play out along different climate change scenarios. We will use models to identify options and actions available to policymakers and practitioners that favour meaningful conservation outcomes for salmon. As we near the International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture (2022) and with Canada bringing the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples into law (2021), we are witnessing a palpable shift in emphasis towards Indigenous fisheries. As Canada announces long-term closures for commercial salmon fisheries (by 60% in 2021), knowledge of Indigenous fisheries' effects, responses, and strategies in the face of climate change have never been more needed. We will answer to this need and break new ground as science that is done with and for Indigenous peoples as well as fish of supreme cultural importance.