青藏高原及其周边地区寄蝇亚科的系统分类和多样性分化

青藏高原隆起是印度板块与欧亚大陆板块在新生代碰撞导致的重大地质事件，高原东南缘的横断山区是全球生物多样性36热点之一和特丰产地。多类群的生物地理和系统演化史表明：青藏高原隆升驱动了生物多样性分化；古脊椎动物化石等留下了关键的演化证据，但其形成机制尚不清晰，且隆升过程中昆虫演化证据很少。寄蝇作为植食性昆虫寄生性天敌，在自然和人工生态系统中起重要的生态稳定调节作用；起源于距今3-4千万年前，是双翅目昆虫中辐射演化最快类群之一；横断山区寄蝇种类丰富。本项目首次大范围系统调查青藏高原及周边地区的寄蝇亚科资源，用形态数据和关键基因数据，研究各族、属的系统分类（发现新物种、新分布、新异名、新寄主等）和物种多样性分化，重建各族、属、种的系统发育树，订正某些族属种的分类地位和演化关系。依据寄蝇现有分布格局，提出中新世晚期横断山隆升形成的“天空之岛”，是同期驱动寄蝇物种起源和多样性分化的地理隔离机制假说。

The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) began forming about 55 million years ago as the Indian tectonic plate drifted northward and collided with the Eurasian plate and is an important geological event, and Hengduan Mountains (HDM) of SE edge of QTP in SW China are recognized as one of the world’s 36 biodiversity hotspots with special rich biodiversity according to Conservation International. Analyses of multiple biogeographic and phylogenetic histories reveal that the Uplift of the QTP have driven the diversification of organisms. Vertebrate fossils have provided significant evidence for documenting the uplift of the QTP in the geologic past. But the evolutionary mechanism of Uplift-driven species diversification is unclear, however, less evidence shown its effect on terrestrial insects. As enemies of these primarily phytophagous groups, tachinids play important ecological regulatory roles in both natural and managed ecosystems. Tachinidae (Insecta, Diptera) is estimated to be on the order of 30–40 mya based on recent molecular dating analyses of flies, the relatively recent origin for the family. This young age suggests that tachinids are one of the most rapidly radiating families of Diptera. A large of tachinid specimens collected from the HDM were examined and classified, and many tachinid species with rich diversity in the HDM were recognized. This project is firstly systematic investigation of Tachininae (one of four subfamilies in Tachinidae with complex phylogeny, they attack hosts across at least 10 orders of Arthropoda) in and around the vast QTP, what and how many species, genera and tribes of Tachininae fauna there are in and around the QTP. Based on morphological and key genetic molecular data to study systematic taxonomy of tribes, genera and species of Tachininae in and around the QTP (new species, newly recorded distributions, new synonyms, new combinations, new hosts are found and described, and a revision on some tachinid groups), and tachinid species diversification and/or spectacular radiations. With the help of RAxML and MrBayes, Mega7 software etc., the phylogeny of tribes, genera and species of Tachininae from the QTP are reconstructed, and certain taxa (tribes, genera and species) are revised on the right systematic status and evolutionary relationship. According to present distribution pattern of Tachinidae, we proposed the hypothesis that the “Sky Islands” formed by Uplift of the HDM are the origins of species and the segregation mechanism of Uplift-driven diversification, the main Uplift of the HDM appears to have occurred fairly quickly and recently, mostly between the late Miocene (8-10 mya) and late Pliocene (ca. 3 mya).