Linking host traits, interactions with competitors and disease: Mechanistic foundations for disease dilution
Linking host traits, interactions with competitors and disease: Mechanistic foundations for disease dilution
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将宿主特征、与竞争对手的相互作用和疾病联系起来：疾病稀释的机制基础
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2435.13066
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
S. Hall
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alexander T. Strauss;Anna M. Bowling;M. Duffy;C. Cáceres;S. Hall
疾病流行的规模仍然很难预测，特别是当寄生虫与多个物种相互作用时。2.在稀释效应中，稀释剂类群可以通过调节(降低)焦点宿主的密度(即通过竞争)或通过减少焦点宿主与寄生虫之间的接触来减少疾病。然而，这些稀释机制很少植根于寄主特性，寄主调节与减少相遇的相对重要性仍未得到充分研究。3.在这里，我们通过这些稀释机制，在有稀释剂的群落中，将宿主的局部特征与疾病进行映射。我们测量了一个焦点寄主(水蚤)8个基因型的两个性状(竞争能力和感受性)，跟踪了每种基因型在实验中的密度(+/−水蚤竞争者/稀释者)，并在6-8个寄主世代中监测了它们对一种强毒力真菌寄生虫的感染情况。我们解开了这两个性状对感染宿主密度的影响，并使用路径模型划分了稀释机制。4.更高的易感性直接助长了更大的流行病。同时，较弱的竞争能力通过允许更高密度的稀释剂间接抑制了流行病。这些较高浓度的稀释剂通过寄主调节间接降低了受感染宿主的密度。相比之下，遭遇减少要弱得多。5.我们的实验通过一个可预测的、以特质为导向的框架强化了稀释效应范式。类似的特征--敏感度、竞争能力及其协方差--可以帮助预测其他各种系统中的疫情严重程度。区分稀释剂的直接和间接影响也可以描述它们如何影响疾病。这种基于特征的洞察力可以帮助广泛预测不同社区的流行病规模。
Handling Editor: Michael Pfrender Abstract 1. The size of disease epidemics remains difficult to predict, especially when parasites interact with multiple species. Traits of focal hosts like susceptibility could directly predict epidemic size, while other traits including competitive ability might shape it indirectly in communities with a “dilution effect.” 2. In a dilution effect, diluter taxa can reduce disease by regulating (lowering) the density of focal hosts (i.e. through competition) or by reducing encounters between focal hosts and parasites. However, these dilution mechanisms are rarely grounded in focal host traits, and the relative importance of host regulation vs. encounter reduction remains understudied. 3. Here, we map focal host traits to disease—via these dilution mechanisms—in communities with diluters. We measured two traits (competitive ability and susceptibility) for eight genotypes of a focal host (Daphnia), tracked the densities of each genotype in experimental mesocosms (+/− Ceriodaphnia competitor/diluters) and monitored their infections with a virulent fungal parasite (Metschnikowia) over 6–8 host generations. We disentangled the impacts of both traits on the density of infected hosts and partitioned dilution mechanisms using path models. 4. Higher susceptibility directly fuelled larger epidemics. Simultaneously, weaker competitive ability indirectly suppressed epidemics by enabling higher densities of diluters. These higher densities of diluters reduced the density of infected hosts indirectly via host regulation. In contrast, encounter reduction was much weaker. 5. Our experiment strengthens the dilution effect paradigm with a predictable, traits-oriented framework. Similar traits—susceptibility, competitive ability and their covariance—could help predict epidemic severity in a variety of other systems. Partitioning the direct and indirect effects of diluters could also delineate how they impact disease. Such trait-based insights could help broadly predict the size of epidemics in diverse communities.
快速进化将宿主从竞争和疾病中拯救出来，但尽管存在稀释效应，但增加了受感染宿主的密度
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2017.1970
发表时间：
2017
期刊：
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
影响因子：
--
作者：
Strauss, Alexander T.;Hite, Jessica L.;Shocket, Marta S.;Cáceres, Carla E.;Duffy, Meghan A.;Hall, Spencer R.
通讯作者：
Hall, Spencer R.