Vortex Formation and Foraging in Polyphenic Spadefoot Toad Tadpoles.
Vortex Formation and Foraging in Polyphenic Spadefoot Toad Tadpoles.
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DOI：
10.1007/s00265-012-1336-1
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发表时间：
2012-06
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Couzin ID
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bazazi S;Pfennig KS;Handegard NO;Couzin ID
动物群体在自然界中广泛存在，并且可以表现出在个体层面上没有发现的复杂的涌现特性。我们在这里研究了一个这样的例子，由同属的蹼足蟾蜍蝌蚪：spa bombifrons和S. multiplicata形成的集体漩涡。这些种类的蝌蚪发育成杂食性或肉食性（同类相食）的形态取决于饮食。以往的研究表明，S. multiplicata更有可能发展为杂食动物，以水体中的悬浮物为食。杂食性的形态通常是社会性的，形成集体，一起移动和觅食，形成漩涡，它们采用独特的缓慢旋转的圆形结构。据推测，这种行为是一种搅动池塘基质的手段，因此可能是一种集体觅食策略。在这里，我们对蝌蚪在聚集体中的行为进行了定量调查。我们发现，只有多叶蝉群体表现出涡旋的形成，这表明物种之间的社会互动是不同的。当蝌蚪密度较高和蝌蚪饥饿时，作为对引入食物颗粒的反应，集体形成漩涡的可能性会增加。漩涡内的个体比漩涡外的个体移动得更快，并且表现出更高的尾拍频率（大约27%），因此产生了个人的能量消耗。然而，由此产生的环境变化表明，涡旋行为可能是一种适应，以积极创造和利用环境中的资源补丁。
Animal aggregations are widespread in nature and can exhibit complex emergent properties not found at an individual level. We investigate one such example here, collective vortex formation by congeneric spadefoot toad tadpoles: Spea bombifrons and S. multiplicata. Tadpoles of these species develop into either an omnivorous or a carnivorous (cannibalistic) morph depending on diet. Previous studies show S. multiplicata are more likely to develop into omnivores and feed on suspended organic matter in the water body. The omnivorous morph is frequently social, forming aggregates that move and forage together, and form vortices in which they adopt a distinctive slowly-rotating circular formation. This behaviour has been speculated to act as a means to agitate the substratum in ponds and thus could be a collective foraging strategy. Here we perform a quantitative investigation of the behaviour of tadpoles within aggregates. We found that only S. multiplicata groups exhibited vortex formation, suggesting that social interactions differ between species. The probability of collectively forming a vortex, in response to introduced food particles, increased for higher tadpole densities and when tadpoles were hungry. Individuals inside a vortex moved faster and exhibited higher (by approximately 27%) tailbeat frequencies than those outside the vortex, thus incurring a personal energetic cost. The resulting environmental modification, however, suggests vortex behaviour may be an adaptation to actively create, and exploit, a resource patch within the environment.
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DOI：
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发表时间：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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