Accelerators, Gantries, Magnets and Imaging Systems for Particle Beam Therapy: Recent Status and Prospects for Improvement.
Accelerators, Gantries, Magnets and Imaging Systems for Particle Beam Therapy: Recent Status and Prospects for Improvement.
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DOI：
10.3389/fonc.2021.737837
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Sumption MD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Collings EW;Lu L;Gupta N;Sumption MD
本文首先强调了质子或其他带电粒子（如碳离子治疗）的临床和商业重要性，涉及到此类系统的制造商，截至2021年4月，全球已安装或正在建设的系统超过120个。带电粒子治疗系统的一般综述涉及到六家制造商，并以表格形式提供了在美国，欧洲，亚洲，和其他地方。在粒子束治疗原理的描述中，比较了光子（X射线）与质子以及质子与碳离子的性质。在对加速器进行简要讨论之后，对回旋加速器（包括等同步回旋加速器和同步回旋加速器）和同步加速器进行了描述。一个有趣的案例研究描述了一个正常传导的220吨回旋加速器演变成一个无铁的同步回旋加速器，重量只有5吨。介绍了束流处理和门架设计的一般原则。随后的部分详细描述了机架磁铁-正常导电机架磁铁，超导机架磁铁质子和碳治疗。提到的是一种新的欧洲核子研究中心设计的超导环形架强子治疗，GaToroid。该装置在稳态电流和磁场下运行，能够在治疗能量范围内以离散角度输送射束。还考虑了低温超导（LTS）和高温超导（HTS）磁体绕组，以及用于无致冷剂碳离子机架的REBCO导体的选择。最后，本文提到了一个重要的“改进前景”，即：引入MRI图像引导。粒子束在穿过组织时的一个众所周知的特性是其能量依赖性吸收，该吸收在其范围的末端上升到明显的峰（布拉格峰）。为了利用这种效应，应该通过使用X射线、CT和希望先进的MRI的成像可视化来引导肿瘤的精确靶向和患者的定位。与MRI引导的光子治疗不同，磁场与带电粒子束的直接相互作用提出了巨大的挑战，使得MRI图像引导的质子/粒子治疗尚未在临床实践中可用。已经使用例如软件GEANT 4（GEometry And Tracking）对束线/磁场相互作用的一般主题进行了建模研究，GEANT 4是使用蒙特卡罗方法模拟带电粒子通过物质的平台。
The paper begins by emphasizing the clinical and commercial importance of proton or other charged particle such as carbon ion therapy, refers to the manufacturers of such systems of which more than 120 are installed or under construction worldwide by April 2021. A general review of charged particle therapy systems refers to six manufacturers and provides in tabular form some details of systems installed in the US, Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. In a description of the principles of particle beam therapy a comparison is made of the properties of photons (x-rays) versus protons and protons versus carbon ions. A brief discussion of accelerators in general is followed by descriptions of cyclotrons (including the isosynchronous cyclotron and the synchrocyclotron) and synchrotrons. An interesting case study describes the evolution of a normal-conducting 220 ton cyclotron into an iron-free synchrocyclotron weighing only 5 tons. The general principles of beam handling and gantry design are described. Subsequent sections describe gantry magnets in detail - normal conducting gantry magnets, superconducting gantry magnets for proton- and carbon therapy. Mention is made of a novel CERN-designed superconducting toroidal gantry for hadron therapy, GaToroid. This device, operating under steady state current and magnetic field, is able to deliver a beam at discrete angles over a range of treatment energies. Also considered are low temperature superconducting (LTS) and high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet windings, and the choice of REBCO conductors for cryogen-free carbon-ion gantries. Finally, the paper mentions an important “Prospect for Improvement”, viz: the introduction of MRI image guidance. A well-known property of the particle beam as it passes through tissue is its energy dependent absorption that rises to a pronounced peak (the Bragg peak) at the end of its range. In order to take advantage of this effect the exact targeting of the tumor and positioning of the patient should be guided by imaging visualization using X-ray, CT, and hopefully advanced MRI. Unlike MRI-guided photon therapy the direct interaction of the magnetic field with the charged particle beam presents a huge challenge such that MRI image-guided proton/particle therapy has not yet been available in clinical practice. Modeling studies have been undertaken on the general topic of beam-line/magnetic field interaction using, for example, the software GEANT4 (GEometry And Tracking) a platform for simulating the passage of charged particles through matter using a Monte Carlo method.
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DOI：
10.1016/0360-3016(82)90569-7
发表时间：
1982-01-01
影响因子：
7
作者：
CASTRO, JR;SAUNDERS, WM;ALPEN, EL
通讯作者：
ALPEN, EL
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
GREEN, MA
通讯作者：
GREEN, MA
影响因子：
8.8
作者：
通讯作者：
--
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Goitein, M;Lomax, AJ;Pedroni, ES
通讯作者：
Pedroni, ES
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Chuong, Michael D.;Bryant, John;Gutierrez, Alonso N.
通讯作者：
Gutierrez, Alonso N.