A 33,000-year-old incipient dog from the Altai Mountains of Siberia: evidence of the earliest domestication disrupted by the Last Glacial Maximum.
A 33,000-year-old incipient dog from the Altai Mountains of Siberia: evidence of the earliest domestication disrupted by the Last Glacial Maximum.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0022821
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
van der Plicht J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ovodov ND;Crockford SJ;Kuzmin YV;Higham TF;Hodgins GW;van der Plicht J
事实上，所有有据可查的早期家犬（Canisimilaris）遗骸均来自冰期末期和全新世早期（距今约14,000-9000历年，cal BP），在末次盛冰期（LGM，距今约26,500-19,000cal BP）之前发现的推定狗很少。直到最近，末世盛宴之前的类狗犬科动物的缺乏以及它们的保存状态不完整，迄今为止阻碍了从时间角度理解野狼和家养狗之间过渡形式的形态特征。我们描述了来自 Razboinichya 洞穴（西伯利亚南部阿尔泰山脉）保存完好的犬科动物遗骸。由于头骨、下颌骨（两侧）和牙齿等材料保存得非常完好，因此可以对前末次盛世时期的野狼、现代狼、史前家养狗和早期类狗犬科动物的代表性实例进行完整的形态学描述和比较，利用形态学标准来区分狼和狗。研究发现，Razboinichya 洞穴个体与格陵兰岛（约 1000 岁）的完全驯化狗最相似，与古代和现代狼以及俄罗斯中部埃利塞耶维奇一号遗址的推定狗不同。在三个独立实验室中对 Razboinichya 犬科动物的头骨和下颌骨进行直接 AMS 放射性碳测年，得出了高度一致的年龄，平均值约为 100 。 33,000 卡路里 BP。 Razboinichya 洞穴标本似乎是一种早期的狗，它没有产生晚冰期 - 早全新世谱系，可能代表了与末次盛世相关的气候和文化变化所扰乱的狼驯化。来自西欧（比利时戈耶特）和西伯利亚（拉兹博尼奇亚）的两只最早出现的狗，相距数千公里，表明狗的驯化是多地区的，因此没有单一的起源地（正如一些 DNA 数据所表明的那样）和随后的传播。
Virtually all well-documented remains of early domestic dog (Canis familiaris) come from the late Glacial and early Holocene periods (ca. 14,000–9000 calendar years ago, cal BP), with few putative dogs found prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca. 26,500–19,000 cal BP). The dearth of pre-LGM dog-like canids and incomplete state of their preservation has until now prevented an understanding of the morphological features of transitional forms between wild wolves and domesticated dogs in temporal perspective. We describe the well-preserved remains of a dog-like canid from the Razboinichya Cave (Altai Mountains of southern Siberia). Because of the extraordinary preservation of the material, including skull, mandibles (both sides) and teeth, it was possible to conduct a complete morphological description and comparison with representative examples of pre-LGM wild wolves, modern wolves, prehistoric domesticated dogs, and early dog-like canids, using morphological criteria to distinguish between wolves and dogs. It was found that the Razboinichya Cave individual is most similar to fully domesticated dogs from Greenland (about 1000 years old), and unlike ancient and modern wolves, and putative dogs from Eliseevichi I site in central Russia. Direct AMS radiocarbon dating of the skull and mandible of the Razboinichya canid conducted in three independent laboratories resulted in highly compatible ages, with average value of ca. 33,000 cal BP. The Razboinichya Cave specimen appears to be an incipient dog that did not give rise to late Glacial – early Holocene lineages and probably represents wolf domestication disrupted by the climatic and cultural changes associated with the LGM. The two earliest incipient dogs from Western Europe (Goyet, Belguim) and Siberia (Razboinichya), separated by thousands of kilometers, show that dog domestication was multiregional, and thus had no single place of origin (as some DNA data have suggested) and subsequent spread.
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