Enhancers: the abundance and function of regulatory sequences beyond promoters.
Enhancers: the abundance and function of regulatory sequences beyond promoters.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.035
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发表时间：
2010-03-15
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Groudine, Mark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bulger, Michael;Groudine, Mark
关键词：
哺乳动物和果蝇的转录控制通常是由远离基因启动子的调控序列介导的。不同种类的这类元件——尤其是增强子，但也包括基因座控制区域和绝缘子——已经通过特定的功能测定来定义，尽管这些测定与这些元件在其原生基因座中的功能之间的关系并不总是很清楚。然而，基因组学的最新进展表明，这些元素在基因组中非常丰富，可能代表了细胞和发育特异性基因表达完成的主要机制。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了通过特定测定定义的增强子的功能参数，以及它们在基因组中出现的频率。此外，我们还研究了这些元件与它们调节的启动子进行通信或相互作用的机制的现有证据。
Transcriptional control in mammals and Drosophila is often mediated by regulatory sequences located far from gene promoters. Different classes of such elements – particularly enhancers, but also locus control regions and insulators -- have been defined by specific functional assays, although it is not always clear how these assays relate to the function of these elements within their native loci. Recent advances in genomics suggest, however, that such elements are highly abundant within the genome and may represent the primary mechanism by which cell- and developmental-specific gene expression is accomplished. In this review, we discuss the functional parameters of enhancers as defined by specific assays, along with the frequency with which they occur in the genome. In addition, we examine the available evidence for the mechanism by which such elements communicate or interact with the promoters they regulate.
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