The chromatin insulator CTCF regulates HPV18 transcript splicing and differentiation-dependent late gene expression

The chromatin insulator CTCF regulates HPV18 transcript splicing and differentiation-dependent late gene expression
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染色质绝缘子 CTCF 调节 HPV18 转录物剪接和分化依赖性晚期基因表达

DOI:
10.1101/2021.04.30.442078
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发表时间:
2021
期刊:
--
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Ferguson J
Ferguson J
中科院分区:
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--
作者:
Ferguson J

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无处不在的宿主蛋白ccctc结合因子(CTCF)是细胞转录的重要调节因子,具有维持表观遗传边界、稳定染色质环和调节选择性外显子剪接的功能。我们之前已经证明,CTCF结合人乳头瘤病毒(HPV) 18的E2开放阅读框(ORF),并通过协调HPV发作中表观遗传抑制的染色质环来抑制未分化角质形成细胞中的病毒癌基因表达。角化细胞分化破坏HPV18发作的ctcf依赖性染色质环,促进诱导增强的病毒癌基因表达。为了进一步表征CTCF在HPV转录控制中的功能,我们使用了直接的、长读纳米孔rna测序,该测序提供了全长转录本的结构和丰度信息。在同步分化前后对含有HPV18片段的人角化细胞进行纳米孔分析,可以定量病毒转录物种类,包括鉴定低丰度的新转录物。将野生型含HPV18基因组的细胞产生的转录本与含CTCF结合缺陷的基因组细胞产生的转录本进行比较,发现CTCF是分化依赖的晚期启动子激活的关键调节剂,这是E1^E4和L1蛋白高效表达所必需的。此外,我们的数据表明,CTCF在E2 ORF上的结合促进了下游弱剪接供体(SD)位点SD3165和SD3284被用于核苷酸3434上的E4剪接受体优势位点。这些发现表明,在HPV生命周期中,CTCF在E2 ORF上的招募促进了早期和晚期病毒转录程序。
The ubiquitous host protein, CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), is an essential regulator of cellular transcription and functions to maintain epigenetic boundaries, stabilise chromatin loops and regulate splicing of alternative exons. We have previously demonstrated that CTCF binds to the E2 open reading frame (ORF) of human papillomavirus (HPV) 18 and functions to repress viral oncogene expression in undifferentiated keratinocytes by co-ordinating an epigenetically repressed chromatin loop within HPV episomes. Keratinocyte differentiation disrupts CTCF-dependent chromatin looping of HPV18 episomes promoting induction of enhanced viral oncogene expression. To further characterise CTCF function in HPV transcription control we utilised direct, long-read Nanopore RNA-sequencing which provides information on the structure and abundance of full-length transcripts. Nanopore analysis of primary human keratinocytes containing HPV18 episomes before and after synchronous differentiation allowed quantification of viral transcript species, including the identification of low abundance novel transcripts. Comparison of transcripts produced in wild type HPV18 genome-containing cells to those identified in CTCF-binding deficient genome-containing cells identifies CTCF as a key regulator of differentiation-dependent late promoter activation, required for efficient E1^E4 and L1 protein expression. Furthermore, our data show that CTCF binding at the E2 ORF promotes usage of the downstream weak splice donor (SD) sites SD3165 and SD3284, to the dominant E4 splice acceptor site at nucleotide 3434. These findings demonstrate that in the HPV life cycle both early and late virus transcription programmes are facilitated by recruitment of CTCF to the E2 ORF.
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