City living but still energy poor: Household energy transitions under rapid urbanization in Myanmar

City living but still energy poor: Household energy transitions under rapid urbanization in Myanmar
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城市生活但能源依然匮乏:缅甸快速城市化下的家庭能源转型

DOI:
10.1016/j.erss.2021.102432
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
6.7
通讯作者:
Kobayashi, Wakako
Kobayashi, Wakako
中科院分区:
经济学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Aung, Ther;Jagger, Pamela;Hlaing, Kay Thwe;Han, Khin Khin;Kobayashi, Wakako

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能源转型是否与城市化共同发展?我们使用两波混合方法观察研究设计,研究了快速城市化的缅甸仰光的能源获取情况,涉及位于农村到城市梯度的家庭(N = 600)。城市的异质性使我们能够用空间代替时间来理解能量转变。我们研究与电网基础设施的接入和可靠性以及清洁燃料的使用相关的因素。对城市家庭的定性访谈(N = 20)探讨了向现代能源转型的驱动因素和障碍。我们发现城市电网接入存在很大的异质性,范围从 58% 到 99%。具有“非正式”身份的城市居民接入电网的几率明显较低(比值比 (OR):0.02,95% 置信区间 (CI),0.00-0.34),并且只使用清洁烹饪燃料(OR:0.17,95% CI:0.07-0.38)。非正规和低收入家庭报告称,由于缺乏合法居住权和清洁燃料成本,他们在获取能源方面面临挑战。城市能源贫困持续存在;与新移民相比,在仰光居住 5-10 年的家庭使用专用清洁燃料做饭(OR:0.38,95% CI:0.24-0.60)和照明(OR:0.32,95% CI:0.13-0.79)的几率明显较低。我们发现,尽管邻近城市群的农村地区的电网接入率较低,但由于太阳能的高使用率和更可靠的电网电力,农村家庭使用清洁照明燃料的可能性高出 2.6 至 6.5 倍。我们建议未来研究影响城市能源获取异质性的因素,并建议政策制定者解决边缘化城市人口能源转型的障碍。
Do energy transitions co-evolve with urbanization? We examine energy access in rapidly urbanizing Yangon, Myanmar using a two-wave mixed-method observational study design involving households (N = 600) situated along a rural to urban gradient. Heterogeneity in urbanicity allows us to substitute space for time to understand energy transitions. We examine factors associated with access and reliability of grid infrastructure, and use of clean fuels. Qualitative interviews (N = 20) with urban households explore drivers and barriers of transitions to modern energy. We find substantial heterogeneity in urban grid access, ranging from 58% to 99%. Urban residents with ‘informal’ status have significantly lower odds of grid access (odds ratio (OR): 0.02, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.00-0.34), and exclusive use of clean cooking fuels (OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.07-0.38). Informal and low-income households report energy access challenges due to lack of legal residency and cost of clean fuels. Urban energy poverty is persistent; households residing in Yangon for 5–10 years have significantly lower odds of using exclusive clean fuel for cooking (OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.24-0.60) and lighting (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13-0.79) compared to newer migrants. We find that despite lower grid access in rural areas adjacent to urban agglomerations, rural households are 2.6 to 6.5 times more likely to use clean lighting fuels due to high take-up of solar and more reliable grid electricity. We recommend future research on factors influencing heterogeneity of urban energy acccess, and that policy makers address barriers to energy transitions for marginalized urban populations.
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