In quest of a systematic framework for unifying and defining nanoscience.
In quest of a systematic framework for unifying and defining nanoscience.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11051-009-9632-z
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发表时间：
2009-08
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Tomalia, Donald A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tomalia, Donald A.
关键词：
本文提出了一个统一和定义纳米科学的系统框架，该框架基于历史上的第一原则和步骤逻辑，导致了传统元素/小分子化学的“中心范式”(即统一框架)。因此，提出了纳米材料分类路线图，将所有纳米材料分为第一类：离散的、定义明确的和第二类：统计的、未定义的纳米颗粒。我们只考虑定义明确的第一类纳米颗粒，即90%单分散的纳米颗粒作为关键纳米设计参数(CNDP)的函数，这些参数是根据以下定义定义的：(A)尺寸、(B)形状、(C)表面化学、(D)柔性和(E)元素组成。这些纳米粒子分为硬(H)类(即无机基)和软(S)类(即有机基)，被发现表现出普遍的原子模拟特征，包括：(1)零维(0D)核-壳纳米结构的优势，(2)作为离散的、量化的纳米单位的自组装或化学键的能力，以及(3)明确的纳米价态和化学计量比，使人想起基于原子的元素。这些离散的纳米颗粒类别称为硬颗粒纳米元素或软颗粒纳米元素。文献中已经报道了许多描述这些纳米元素的化学键/组装的例子。我们将这些硬：硬(H-n：H-n)、软：软(S-n：S-n)或硬：软(H-n：S-n)纳米元素组合称为纳米化合物。由于它们的量子化特征，许多纳米元素和纳米化合物类别被报道显示出明确的纳米周期性质模式。这些周期性的性质模式依赖于它们的量子化纳米特征(CNDP)，并极大地影响固有的物理化学性质(即熔点、反应性/自组装、空间构型和纳米封装)以及重要的功能/性能性质(即磁性、光子、电子和毒理学性质)。我们提出这一观点是朝着更清晰地定义合成纳米化学迈出的适度的第一步，并为统一纳米科学提供一个系统的框架。随着进一步的进展，人们应该预见未来纳米周期表(S)的演变，该表适用于预测纳米科学领域的重要风险/收益边界。本文的在线版本(doi：10.1007/s110510099632-z)包含补充材料，授权用户可以使用。
This article proposes a systematic framework for unifying and defining nanoscience based on historic first principles and step logic that led to a “central paradigm” (i.e., unifying framework) for traditional elemental/small-molecule chemistry. As such, a Nanomaterials classification roadmap is proposed, which divides all nanomatter into Category I: discrete, well-defined and Category II: statistical, undefined nanoparticles. We consider only Category I, well-defined nanoparticles which are >90% monodisperse as a function of Critical Nanoscale Design Parameters (CNDPs) defined according to: (a) size, (b) shape, (c) surface chemistry, (d) flexibility, and (e) elemental composition. Classified as either hard (H) (i.e., inorganic-based) or soft (S) (i.e., organic-based) categories, these nanoparticles were found to manifest pervasive atom mimicry features that included: (1) a dominance of zero-dimensional (0D) core–shell nanoarchitectures, (2) the ability to self-assemble or chemically bond as discrete, quantized nanounits, and (3) exhibited well-defined nanoscale valencies and stoichiometries reminiscent of atom-based elements. These discrete nanoparticle categories are referred to as hard or soft particle nanoelements. Many examples describing chemical bonding/assembly of these nanoelements have been reported in the literature. We refer to these hard:hard (H-n:H-n), soft:soft (S-n:S-n), or hard:soft (H-n:S-n) nanoelement combinations as nanocompounds. Due to their quantized features, many nanoelement and nanocompound categories are reported to exhibit well-defined nanoperiodic property patterns. These periodic property patterns are dependent on their quantized nanofeatures (CNDPs) and dramatically influence intrinsic physicochemical properties (i.e., melting points, reactivity/self-assembly, sterics, and nanoencapsulation), as well as important functional/performance properties (i.e., magnetic, photonic, electronic, and toxicologic properties). We propose this perspective as a modest first step toward more clearly defining synthetic nanochemistry as well as providing a systematic framework for unifying nanoscience. With further progress, one should anticipate the evolution of future nanoperiodic table(s) suitable for predicting important risk/benefit boundaries in the field of nanoscience. The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11051-009-9632-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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