Understanding the human health effects of chemical mixtures.
Understanding the human health effects of chemical mixtures.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.02110s125
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发表时间：
2002-02
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Spink DC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carpenter DO;Arcaro K;Spink DC
大多数关于化学物质对生物系统影响的研究都是一次对一种化学物质进行的。然而，在现实世界中，人们接触的是混合物，而不是单一的化学物质。虽然各种物质可能具有完全独立的作用，但在许多情况下，两种物质可能以加性或非加性的方式作用于同一部位。如果两种化学物质作用于不同但相关的目标，可能会发生许多更复杂的相互作用。在极端情况下，可能会产生协同效应，在这种情况下，两种物质共同作用的效果大于单独作用的总和。实际上，大多数人接触到的化学物质很多，而不仅仅是一种或两种，因此，化学混合物的影响是极其复杂的，每种混合物的化学成分可能不同。这种复杂性是混合物没有得到很好研究的主要原因。在这篇综述中，我们试图说明一些可以用来研究混合物效应的原理和方法。从科学现状的本质来看，这种讨论更多的是展示我们对混合物的未知，而不是我们所知道的。我们用具体的例子在三个层次上研究混合物。首先，我们将讨论几种人类疾病与各种环境因素的关系，这些因素被认为会影响疾病的发展和进展。我们提出的结果选择细胞和动物研究中，简单的混合物已被调查。最后，我们在分子水平上讨论了混合物的一些影响。
Most research on the effects of chemicals on biologic systems is conducted on one chemical at a time. However, in the real world people are exposed to mixtures, not single chemicals. Although various substances may have totally independent actions, in many cases two substances may act at the same site in ways that can be either additive or nonadditive. Many even more complex interactions may occur if two chemicals act at different but related targets. In the extreme case there may be synergistic effects, in which case the effects of two substances together are greater than the sum of either effect alone. In reality, most persons are exposed to many chemicals, not just one or two, and therefore the effects of a chemical mixture are extremely complex and may differ for each mixture depending on the chemical composition. This complexity is a major reason why mixtures have not been well studied. In this review we attempt to illustrate some of the principles and approaches that can be used to study effects of mixtures. By the nature of the state of the science, this discussion is more a presentation of what we do not know than of what we do know about mixtures. We approach the study of mixtures at three levels, using specific examples. First, we discuss several human diseases in relation to a variety of environmental agents believed to influence the development and progression of the disease. We present results of selected cellular and animal studies in which simple mixtures have been investigated. Finally, we discuss some of the effects of mixtures at a molecular level.
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影响因子：
5
作者：
BAKER, EL;LANDRIGAN, PJ;NEEDHAM, LL
通讯作者：
NEEDHAM, LL
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.82.18.6295
发表时间：
1985-01-01
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
BRADLOW, HL;HERSHCOPF, RJ;FISHMAN, J
通讯作者：
FISHMAN, J
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
Ambrosone, CB;Freudenheim, JL;Shields, PG
通讯作者：
Shields, PG
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Bemis, JC;Seegal, RF
通讯作者：
Seegal, RF
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Amaro, AR;Oakley, GG;Robertson, LW
通讯作者：
Robertson, LW