Climate change and forest management on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest, USA: Managing for dynamic landscapes
Climate change and forest management on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest, USA: Managing for dynamic landscapes
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美国西北太平洋联邦土地上的气候变化和森林管理：动态景观管理
DOI：
10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119794
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Vynne, Carly
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gaines, William L.;Hessburg, Paul F.;Aplet, Gregory H.;Henson, Paul;Prichard, Susan J.;Churchill, Derek J.;Jones, Gavin M.;Isaak, Daniel J.;Vynne, Carly
1994年的西北森林计划标志着太平洋西北地区联邦土地自然资源管理的分水岭时刻。它为俄勒冈州、华盛顿州和北加州近1000万公顷公共土地上的陆地和水生生态系统管理和生物多样性保护确定了明确的优先事项。自然保护区是保护现存的古老森林和河岸栖息地的主要手段，也是保护北方斑点猫头鹰、大理石纹小海豚和太平洋鲑鱼赖以生存的种群的主要手段。按照设想，保护区将在漫长的恢复期为受保护物种提供栖息地。然而，保护区策略建立在两个默认假设的基础上：气候稳定，外来入侵物种的干扰有限；但事实证明这两种说法都不对。在静态保护区的背景下，管理北方斑点猫头鹰和其他晚演替和古老的森林相关物种是非常具有挑战性的。随着气候和野火制度不断变化并迅速重塑景观和栖息地，仅依靠维持保护区内静态条件的保护工作可能会失败，特别是在季节性干燥的森林中。森林规划者和管理者现在忙于修订西北边境省地区的森林规划。根据2012年规划规则，他们的职责是将管理重点放在恢复生态系统的完整性和弹性上，并应对气候变化和入侵物种的影响。在这里，我们整合了来自生态和气候科学、物种恢复规划和森林规划监测的信息，以确定管理适应性，帮助管理者实现与2012年规划规则目标相结合的原始计划目标。没有任何与未来规划情景相关的保证；不断的学习和适应是必要的。我们的建议包括对季节性干燥森林的动态而非静态条件进行管理，对动态变化较慢的潮湿森林的动态变化保护区进行管理，减少水生和河岸栖息地的压力源，并显著增加适应性管理和协作规划的使用。
The 1994 Northwest Forest Plan signified a watershed moment for natural resource management on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest. It established clear priorities for ecologically motivated management of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity conservation on nearly 10 million hectares of public lands in Oregon, Washington, and northern California. Conservation reserves were the primary means of safeguarding remaining old forest and riparian habitats, and the populations of northern spotted owl, marbled murrelet, and Pacific salmon that depend on them. As envisioned, reserves would provide habitat for the protected species during a lengthy recovery period. However, reserve strategies were grounded on two tacit assumptions: the climate is stable, and there are limited disruptions by invasive species; neither of which has turned out to be true. Managing for northern spotted owls and other late-successional and old forest associated species within the context of static reserves has turned out to be incredibly challenging. As climatic and wildfire regimes continually shift and rapidly reshape landscapes and habitats, conservation efforts that rely solely on maintaining static conditions within reserves are likely to fail, especially in seasonally dry forests. Forest planners and managers are now occupied with efforts to amend or revise Forest Plans within the NWFP area. According to the 2012 Planning Rule, their charge is to focus management on restoring ecosystem integrity and resiliency and address impacts of climate change and invasive species. Here, we integrate information from ecological and climate sciences, species recovery planning, and forest plan monitoring to identify management adaptations that can help managers realize the original Plan goals as integrated with the goals of the 2012 Planning Rule. There are no guarantees associated with any future planning scenario; continual learning and adaptation are necessary. Our recommendations include managing for dynamic rather than static conditions in seasonally dry forests, managing dynamically shifting reserves in wetter forests, where dynamics occur more slowly, reducing stressors in aquatic and riparian habitats, and significantly increased use of adaptive management and collaborative planning.
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