Glia and neurodevelopment: focus on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Glia and neurodevelopment: focus on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
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DOI：
10.3389/fped.2014.00123
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Gavin DP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Guizzetti M;Zhang X;Goeke C;Gavin DP
在过去的20年里，神经胶质细胞在大脑发育中的新的和令人兴奋的作用已经被描述。此外，最近的几项研究涉及神经胶质细胞在神经发育障碍，包括唐氏综合征，脆性X综合征，Rett综合征，自闭症谱系障碍，和胎儿酒精谱系障碍（FASD）的发病机制。神经胶质细胞发育和增殖的抑制以及神经胶质细胞凋亡的增加导致了乙醇对发育中的大脑的不良影响，并且越来越明显的是，胎儿酒精的影响至少部分是由于对神经胶质细胞的影响，影响其调节神经元发育和功能的能力。三种主要的神经胶质细胞，星形胶质细胞，少突胶质细胞和小胶质细胞以及它们的前体细胞在大脑发育过程中受到乙醇的影响。乙醇引起的神经胶质细胞功能的改变显著影响神经元的发育、存活和功能，并最终损害适当的脑结构和连接的发育。例如，乙醇抑制星形胶质细胞介导的轴突发生和少突胶质细胞发育、存活和髓鞘形成;此外，乙醇诱导小胶质细胞活化和氧化应激，导致乙醇诱导的神经元细胞死亡的加剧。这篇综述文章介绍了最近最重要的研究结果有关乙醇对神经胶质细胞的影响及其在FASD和其他神经发育障碍的病理生理学意义。
During the last 20 years, new and exciting roles for glial cells in brain development have been described. Moreover, several recent studies implicated glial cells in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders including Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Rett Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Abnormalities in glial cell development and proliferation and increased glial cell apoptosis contribute to the adverse effects of ethanol on the developing brain and it is becoming apparent that the effects of fetal alcohol are due, at least in part, to effects on glial cells affecting their ability to modulate neuronal development and function. The three major classes of glial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia as well as their precursors are affected by ethanol during brain development. Alterations in glial cell functions by ethanol dramatically affect neuronal development, survival, and function and ultimately impair the development of the proper brain architecture and connectivity. For instance, ethanol inhibits astrocyte-mediated neuritogenesis and oligodendrocyte development, survival and myelination; furthermore, ethanol induces microglia activation and oxidative stress leading to the exacerbation of ethanol-induced neuronal cell death. This review article describes the most significant recent findings pertaining the effects of ethanol on glial cells and their significance in the pathophysiology of FASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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