The spectral dynamics of voiceless sibilant fricatives in English and Japanese
The spectral dynamics of voiceless sibilant fricatives in English and Japanese
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英语和日语中清咝擦音的频谱动态
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Patrick F. Reidy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Patrick F. Reidy
无声的擦音，如英语单词sea和she开头的辅音，是通过在舌头和上颚之间形成狭窄的收缩来发音的，它将湍流的空气喷向下游的门牙。因此，这些声音的产生涉及到许多发音器官的运动，包括舌头，下巴和嘴唇;然而，分析咝咝摩擦音声学的主要方法是从其时间中点附近提取一个单一的“稳态”区间，并估计该区间的频谱特性。因此，擦音的光谱特性的时间变化还没有得到系统的研究。本论文研究了一个单一的频谱特性的时间变化，称为峰值ERBN数，这表示最突出的心理声学频率。峰值ERBN数轨迹的动态方面进行了分析与五阶多项式时间增长曲线模型。一系列分析揭示了一些新的发现。首先，英语和日语的成年人的比较表明，英语/s/和/S/和日语/s/和/C/之间的语言内部对比是由ERBN -数的峰值在整个时间过程中的咝咝声的动态特性。此外，对成年人英语/s/和日语/s/发音的跨语言比较表明，擦音的ERBN峰值遵循特定的语言轨迹。其次，本研究以ERBN峰值轨迹为依据，考察了2 ~ 5岁的英语母语儿童和日语母语儿童的擦音对比发展。研究发现，英语习得儿童在ERBN峰值轨迹的相似方面（即平均ERBN峰值及其轨迹的斜率）与英语习得儿童形成对比。此外，儿童根据这些属性区分辅音的程度随着年龄的增长而增加。对日语习得儿童的分析由于5岁儿童明显的发展倒退而变得复杂。第三，本研究考察了元音语境对英语成人和英语习得儿童的ERBN峰值轨迹的影响。两个年龄组都表现出影响的元音frontness两个咝音：以下前元音提出的ERBN -在整个持续时间的这些咝音的峰值。同样，这两个年龄组表现出元音圆化的影响/s/：以下圆化元音降低峰值ERBN数在整个时间过程中的/s/。成年人表现出元音高度的影响ERBN峰值数轨迹的动态方面的两个咝音。在儿童中没有发现这种影响。此外，儿童的元音背景的影响程度差异减弱（元音圆润和正面）和加强（元音高度）的发展。最后，在一组耳蜗植入的英语习得儿童中研究了咝咝声对比的发展。就平均峰值ERBN数及其轨迹曲率而言，咝咝声对比度倾向于随着听力体验的延长而改善，但未发现与植入时的年龄相关。将植入人工耳蜗的儿童与听力正常的儿童进行比较，后者在听力年龄上匹配。与听力正常的儿童相比，植入的儿童似乎更像成年人那样区分摩擦的开始和抵消。此外，没有组相关的差异的程度的咝咝声对比被发现，这表明，儿童与人工耳蜗植入区分咝咝声以及听力正常的儿童。
Voiceless sibilant fricatives, such as the consonant sounds at the beginning of the English words sea and she, are articulated by forming a narrow constriction between the tongue and the palate, which directs a turbulent jet of air toward the incisors downstream. Thus, the production of these sounds involves the movement of a number of articulators, including the tongue, jaw, and lips; however, the principal method for analyzing the acoustics of sibilant fricatives has been to extract a single “steady state” interval from near its temporal midpoint, and estimate spectral properties of this interval. Consequently, temporal variation in the spectral properties of sibilant fricatives has not been systematically studied. This dissertation investigated the temporal variation of a single spectral property, referred to as peak ERBN -number, that denotes the most prominent psychoacoustic frequency. The dynamic aspects of peak ERBN -number trajectories were analyzed with fifth-order polynomial time growth curve models. A series of analyses revealed a number of novel findings. First, a comparison of Englishand Japanese-speaking adults indicated that the languageinternal contrast between English /s/ and /S/ and between Japanese /s/ and /C/ is indicated by dynamic properties of peak ERBN -number across the time course of the sibilants. Furthermore, a cross-linguistic comparison of the adults’ productions of English /s/ and Japanese /s/ indicated that the peak ERBN -number of a sibilant follows a language-specific trajectory. Next, the development of the sibilant fricative contrast in native Englishand Japaneseacquiring children, between the ages of two and five years, was investigated in terms of peak ERBN -number trajectory. The English-acquiring children were found to contrast /s/ and /S/ in terms of similar aspects of peak ERBN -number trajectory as the English-speaking ii adults did—namely, average peak ERBN -number and the concavity of its trajectory. Moreover, the extent to which the children differentiated the consonants in terms of these properties increased with age. The analysis of the Japanese-acquiring children was complicated by an apparent developmental regression in the five-year-olds. Third, effects of vowel context on peak ERBN -number trajectory were examined in the English-speaking adults’ and the English-acquiring children’s productions. Both age groups exhibited effects of vowel frontness on both sibilants: a following front vowel raised peak ERBN -number across the full duration of these sibilants. Similarly, both age groups exhibited effects of vowel rounding on /s/: a following rounded vowel lowered peak ERBN number across the time course of /s/. The adults exhibited effects of vowel height on the dynamic aspects of peak ERBN -number trajectory for both sibilants. Such effects were not found in the children. Furthermore, the extent of the children’s vowel-context effects differentially weakened (vowel rounding and frontness) and strengthened (vowel height) developmentally. Finally, the development of sibilant contrast was investigated in a cohort of cochlearimplanted English-acquiring children. The sibilant contrast, in terms of average peak ERBN -number and curvature of its trajectory, tended to improve with prolonged hearing experience, but no association was found with age at implantation. The children with cochlear implants were compared to children with normal hearing, who were matched on hearing age. The implanted children seemed to differentiate the onset and offset of frication in a more adultlike fashion than did the children with normal hearing. Furthermore, no group-related differences in the extent of sibilant contrast were found, suggesting that the children with cochlear implants differentiated the sibilants as well as the children with normal hearing.
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影响因子：
5.4
作者：
McMurray, Bob;Jongman, Allard
通讯作者：
Jongman, Allard
协同发音效应在儿童和成人摩擦音感知中的作用。
DOI：
10.1044/jshr.3003.319
发表时间：
1987
期刊：
Journal of speech and hearing research
影响因子：
--
作者：
Nittrouer,S;Studdert-Kennedy,M
通讯作者：
Studdert-Kennedy,M
影响因子：
--
作者：
Loizou, Philipos C
通讯作者：
Loizou, Philipos C
孩子们如何学习组织他们的言语手势：来自摩擦元音音节的进一步证据。
DOI：
10.1044/jshr.3902.379
发表时间：
1996
期刊：
Journal of speech and hearing research
影响因子：
--
作者：
Nittrouer,S;Studdert-Kennedy,M;Neely,ST
通讯作者：
Neely,ST
儿童和成人之间摩擦音产生的差异：来自 /sh/ 和 /s/ 声学分析的证据。
DOI：
10.1121/1.396425
发表时间：
1988
期刊：
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
影响因子：
--
作者：
McGowan,RS;Nittrouer,S
通讯作者：
Nittrouer,S