Constraining the Samurai: Rebellion and Taxation in Early Modern Japan

Constraining the Samurai: Rebellion and Taxation in Early Modern Japan
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约束武士:近代早期日本的叛乱与税收

DOI:
10.1093/isq/sqx008
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发表时间:
2017
影响因子:
2.6
通讯作者:
Steele A
Steele A
中科院分区:
法学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Steele A

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1868年明治维新前夕,日本全国近300个半自治领地的税率差异很大。有些人将70%的大米产量交给该地区的武士统治者,而另一些人则提供15%。尽管德川政权(1603年至1868年统治日本的封建制度)的统治者面临着类似的财政要求,但这种差异仍然存在。这一时期非常稳定,日本没有发生任何国内外战争。这使我们能够专注于来自下层的压力对税收的影响。我们研究了农民领导的叛乱和集体逃亡(“逃亡”)在多大程度上降低了武士统治者随后征收的税率。使用新编制的关于不同类型的农民领导的政治动员的数据从请愿到起义我们发现一方面,大规模的叛乱和逃亡与另一方面,较低的税率之间存在联系。我们将结果解释为反叛或移动的农民有能力约束统治者的证据;越自满的人就越无法赢得让步。我们的研究结果表明,农民动员发挥了作用,在近代日本早期限制国家的增长,通过税收优惠。
On the eve of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the nearly 300 semi-autonomous domains across Japan had widely varying tax rates. Some handed over 70 percent of their rice yield to the samurai ruler of the domain, while others provided 15 percent. This variation existed in spite of the similar fiscal demands that the domain rulers faced within the Tokugawa regime—the feudal system that governed Japan between 1603 and 1868. This period was remarkably stable; Japan saw no foreign or domestic wars. This allows us to focus on the impact of pressure from below on taxation. We study the extent to which peasant-led rebellions and collective desertion (“flight”) lowered the subsequent tax rate imposed by samurai rulers. Using newly compiled data on different types of peasant-led political mobilization—from petitions to insurrections—we find an association between, on the one hand, large-scale rebellions and flight and, on the other, lower tax rates. We interpret the results as evidence of rebellious or mobile peasants’ ability to constrain their rulers; the more complacent fail to win concessions. Our findings suggest that peasant mobilization played a role in restricting state growth in early modern Japan through tax concessions.
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