Muscle and Bone: Combating the Evil Side of the Connection
Muscle and Bone: Combating the Evil Side of the Connection
复制标题
肌肉与骨骼：对抗连接的邪恶一面
DOI：
10.1002/jbmr.2912
复制
发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Hesse E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hesse E
Muscles and bones form intimate relationships at the developmental, anatomical, mechanical, and biochemical level that are all of critical importance for the appropriate formation and function of the musculoskeletal system.(1, 2) Under physiological conditions, pain-free locomotion is facilitated by a proper homeostasis of each tissue and a synergistic and coordinated interaction of the two organ systems. However, disturbances of these tightly regulated processes can cause pain, disability, immobility, and may eventually lead to a lethal fate.(2, 3) Thus, providing more insights into the regulation of muscle-bone interactions under physiological and disease conditions is a very powerful approach for the development of treatments to cure debilitating musculoskeletal maladies.(4) Earliest evidence for the close relationship between muscle and bone is provided by the mesodermal origin of both tissues that give rise to somites. During development, somites differentiate into the dorsal dermomyotome and the ventral sclerotome that eventually form muscle and bone, respectively.(1) While being formed during embryogenesis, muscle and bone develop in a tightly controlled manner under the influence of a plethora of mechanical and biochemical cues. For instance, intrauterine muscle contraction by the embryo determines the specific circumferential shape of each bone and joint development.(5) During adolescence and in the adult, muscle contraction imposes the greatest load on bone, with a linear relationship between bone mass and muscle size and force.(6, 7) Consequently, loss of bone and muscle mass in the elderly is coupled, leading to osteoporosis and sarcopenia with subsequent falls and fragility fractures.(4, 8) These conditions are among the greatest challenges in todayLs musculoskeletal medicine and the development of effective treatments that provide beneficial effects to both bone and muscle is an important goal of ongoing research in the field.(4, 8) Beyond mechanics, muscle and bone are subject to a stringent regulation by soluble ligands and signaling pathways during development and tissue homeostasis in the adult.(2) For instance, canonical Wnt signaling,(9) insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1),(10) transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b),(11) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs),(11) among other pathways, are well established to contribute to the regulation of the differentiation and function of bone and muscle tissue. Downstream of these pathways, cell type-specific transcription factor networks are engaged to control the differentiation and function of bone and muscle cells.(1) Among the signaling pathways that control bone and muscle physiology, the BMP pathway assumes a central role. Historically, in 1965 Marshall R. Urist discovered that the intramuscular implantation of demineralized bone matrix induces the formation of osseous tissue, an observation that led to the discovery of BMPs.(12) Furthermore, this experiment clearly demonstrates that bone can be formed within muscle tissue, provided an appropriate stimulus is present. This finding has been confirmed in vitro using C2C12 myoblasts, which transdifferentiate into matrix-producing osteoblasts upon stimulation with BMP-2 or BMP-4.(13, 14) Although the discovery of BMPs has paved the way for the field of bone regeneration, formation of osseous structures in soft tissue can occur under benign and malignant conditions and may cause tremendous problems for the affected individuals.(15) The most frequent nonmalignant form of heterotopic ossification (HO) is a complication frequently seen after trauma, traumatic brain injury, burns, and major orthopedic surgeries such as …
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影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Rudnicki MA;Williams BO
通讯作者：
Williams BO
DOI：
10.1002/jbmr.2820
发表时间：
2016-09
期刊：
Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
影响因子：
--
作者：
Chakkalakal SA;Uchibe K;Convente MR;Zhang D;Economides AN;Kaplan FS;Pacifici M;Iwamoto M;Shore EM
通讯作者：
Shore EM
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Haupt, Julia;Deichsel, Alexandra;Seemann, Petra
通讯作者：
Seemann, Petra
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2013-06
期刊：
Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER
影响因子：
--
作者：
R. Pignolo;E. Shore;F. Kaplan
通讯作者：
R. Pignolo;E. Shore;F. Kaplan
影响因子：
158.5
作者：
Shafritz, AB;Shore, EM;Kaplan, FS
通讯作者：
Kaplan, FS