Cortical evolution: judge the brain by its cover.

Cortical evolution: judge the brain by its cover.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.045
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发表时间:
2013-10-30
期刊:
影响因子:
16.2
通讯作者:
Rakic P
Rakic P
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Geschwind DH;Rakic P

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要了解人类高级认知的出现,我们必须了解其生物基础——大脑皮层,它认为自己是进化的最高成就。在这里,我们描述了发育神经生物学的进步,与遗传学的进步相结合,包括通过基因复制实现的适应性蛋白质进化和新的调控元件的出现,如何为人类大脑的进化机制提供见解。鉴于人类皮质表面的大规模扩张及其连接的精细化源于发育事件,了解细胞数量的遗传调控、神经元迁移到适当的层、柱和区域,以及最终它们分化为特定的表型至关重要。产前和产后环境还与细胞基质相互作用,产生一个基本网络,该网络通过突触连接的选择和消除而得到完善,这一过程在人类中会延长。这些知识为人类特异性神经精神疾病的发病机制提供了重要的见解。
To understand the emergence of human higher cognition, we must understand its biological substrate—the cerebral cortex, which considers itself the crowning achievement of evolution. Here, we describe how advances in developmental neurobiology, coupled with those in genetics, including adaptive protein evolution via gene duplications and the emergence of novel regulatory elements, can provide insights into the evolutionary mechanisms culminating in the human cerebrum. Given that the massive expansion of the cortical surface and elaboration of its connections in humans originates from developmental events, understanding the genetic regulation of cell number, neuronal migration to proper layers, columns, and regions, and ultimately their differentiation into specific phenotypes, is critical. The pre- and postnatal environment also interacts with the cellular substrate to yield a basic network that is refined via selection and elimination of synaptic connections, a process that is prolonged in humans. This knowledge provides essential insight into the pathogenesis of human-specific neuropsychiatric disorders.
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