Acute Toxic Effects of the Herbicide Formulation and the Active Ingredient Used in Cycloxydim-Tolerant Maize Cultivation on Embryos and Larvae of the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis
Acute Toxic Effects of the Herbicide Formulation and the Active Ingredient Used in Cycloxydim-Tolerant Maize Cultivation on Embryos and Larvae of the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis
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耐环草酮玉米栽培中使用的除草剂制剂和活性成分对非洲爪蛙胚胎和幼虫的急性毒性作用
DOI：
10.1007/s00128-015-1474-z
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Viertel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wagner;Lötters;Viertel
大多数转基因抗除草剂作物仍在等待欧洲的批准。然而，最近有一种趋势是培育耐环氧草胺的玉米杂交种用于玉米生产。我们研究了补充除草剂Focus®Ultra及其活性成分cycloxydim对非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis）胚胎和早期幼虫的急性毒性作用。结果表明，除草剂制剂比单独的活性成分具有更大的毒性。因此，这表明添加的物质单独或与活性成分协同作用是造成不良反应的原因。发现该制剂对胚胎有中度毒性，但对早期幼虫有高度毒性。基于计算的致畸指数，cycloxydim和Focus®Ultra似乎都是无致畸性的，并且抑制胚胎和幼虫生长的最小Focus®Ultra浓度接近LC 50值。这些数据表明，对虹鳟鱼的测试并不是在所有情况下都适合评估水生无尾类动物的风险。这是证明了96小时的LC 50值，这是虹鳟鱼超过50- 20倍高于earlyX。莱维斯幼虫然而，根据地表沃茨的最坏情况预测环境浓度，如果考虑到农田和两栖动物栖息地之间的缓冲带，Focus®Ultra在实地使用时显然有很大的安全裕度。
Most genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops are still awaiting approval in Europe. There is, however, a recent trend for the cultivation of cycloxydim-tolerant maize hybrids for use in maize production. We studied the acute toxic effects of the complementary herbicide Focus®Ultra and its active ingredient cycloxydim on embryos and early-stage larvae of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The results indicate that the herbicide formulation is significantly more toxic than the active ingredient alone. Therefore, it is suggested that the added substances either solely or in a synergistic action with the active ingredient are responsible for adverse effects. The formulation was found to be moderately toxic to embryos but highly toxic to early larvae. Based on calculated teratogenic indices, both cycloxydim and Focus®Ultra seem to be non-teratogenic and also the minimum Focus®Ultra concentration to inhibit growth in embryos and larvae was close to the LC50 values. The data suggest that tests with the rainbow trout are not in all cases appropriate to assess the risk in aquatically developing anurans. This is demonstrated by 96-h LC50 values, which are for rainbow trout more than 50- to 20-fold higher than for earlyX. laevislarvae. However, based on worst-case predicted environmental concentrations for surface waters, there is apparently a large safety margin in field use of Focus®Ultra if buffer strips between the farm land and the amphibian habitats are regarded.
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