Four-year-olds incorporate speaker knowledge into pragmatic inferences.
Four-year-olds incorporate speaker knowledge into pragmatic inferences.
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四岁的孩子将说话者的知识融入到实用的推论中。
作者：
Alyssa Kampa;A. Papafragou
人类交际依赖于考虑说话者的心理状态来推断话语在上下文中的意图的能力。例如，一句话，如“一些动物是安全的宠物”可以被解释为引起的推断“一些而不是所有的动物是安全的宠物”时，由专家说出。同样的推理，被称为标量含义，不会出现当句子是由一个人说部分知识。成年人已经被证明可以根据说话者的知识状态推导出等级含义，但在幼儿中，这种能力是有争议的。在这里，我们使用一个简单的视觉世界范式来重新审视这个问题。我们发现，4岁和5岁的孩子成功地将扬声器的知识到标量推理的推导。然而，这种能力并不能立即推广到非语言交际环境。这些发现对语用能力的发展有重要的启示。
Human communication relies on the ability to take into account the speaker's mental state to infer the intended meaning of an utterance in context. For example, a sentence such as "Some of the animals are safe to pet" can be interpreted as giving rise to the inference "Some and not all animals are safe to pet" when uttered by an expert. The same inference, known as a scalar implicature, does not arise when the sentence is spoken by someone with partial knowledge. Adults have been shown to derive scalar implicatures in accordance with the speaker's knowledge state, but in young children this ability is debated. Here we revisit this question using a simple visual world paradigm. We find that both 4- and 5-year-olds successfully incorporate speaker knowledge into the derivation of scalar inferences. However, this ability does not generalize immediately to non-linguistic communicative contexts. These findings have important implications for the development of pragmatic abilities.
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