Asta Nielsen, the film star system and the introduction of the long feature film

Asta Nielsen, the film star system and the introduction of the long feature film
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阿斯塔·尼尔森,电影明星制度与长篇故事片的引入

DOI:
10.1080/17460654.2022.2059833
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发表时间:
2021
影响因子:
0.2
通讯作者:
Yvonne
Yvonne
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Zimmermann;Yvonne

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标记B。桑德伯格在理查德·阿贝尔2005年的《早期电影百科全书》中指出,多卷故事片“在1910-1914年成为欧洲电影的重要制作和展览形式”,到第一次世界大战开始时,“长片已经明确确立,在一些国家开始取代短片的各种形式”。(Sandberg 2005,第648页)。1910-1911年欧洲出现多卷故事片有几个原因。其中之一是他们的产品差异化的潜力;桑德伯格认为,“1909年至1910年美国单卷电影的洪水给了较长的电影作为一个有吸引力的替代产品从欧洲工作室的竞争优势”(桑德伯格2005年,649)。至少从20世纪20年代初开始,多卷故事片已经成为全球电影娱乐的标准节目格式和缩影。它起源于欧洲,而不是在美国,直到1916年它才成为占主导地位的节目格式(参见Singer和Keil 2008,19),以对抗美国(和欧洲)的一卷式电影的过度生产,这可能会让一些读者感到惊讶,因为电影星星和星星系统不是好莱坞“发明”的,而是在欧洲和美国一样多的起源。正如安德鲁·沙伊尔(Andrew Shail)在他对早期电影中电影星星系统起源的细致研究中所展示的那样,第一次明星建设宣传活动于1909年在法国由Pathé Frères发起,并关注Max Linder,他被认为是第一位国际电影星星和“第一位任何规模的电影星星,并且有很大的优势”(Shail 2019,69)。这些细节挑战了将故事片星星载体归于好莱坞的标准叙事。越来越多的研究关注早期电影短片时期电影明星的出现(deCordova 1990;鲍泽1994; Bean 2011; Abel 2015; Shail 2019)。然而,在星星研究领域的大多数文献都集中在1920年后的好莱坞制片厂星星系统上(例如Balio 1976; Dyer 1979,1987; Gledhill 1991; McDonald 2000,2013; King 2015; McNally 2021)--除了最近欧洲和非西方明星的一些例外(Carter 2004; Soila 2009; Majumdar 2009; Farquhar and Zhang 2010)。因此,现有的学术研究一方面有强烈的好莱坞偏见,另一方面在早期电影的短片明星和1920年后的工作室明星之间留下了差距。基于Shail对电影星星制度起源的研究,这期关于“Asta Nielsen,电影星星制度和长片介绍”的早期大众视觉文化特刊希望通过增加对电影明星的新研究来填补这一空白
Mark B. Sandberg, in Richard Abel’s 2005 Encyclopedia of Early Cinema, states that the multiple-reel feature film ‘became an important production and exhibition format for European cinema in the years 1910–1914’and that by the start of the First World War,‘the long feature film was clearly established and in some countries was beginning to supplant the variety format of short films’(Sandberg 2005, 648). There were several reasons for the emergence of multiple-reel feature films in Europe in 1910–1911. Among them was their potential for product differentiation; as Sandberg argues,‘the flood of American single-reel films by 1909–1910 gave longer films a competitive edge as an attractive alternative product from European studios’(Sandberg 2005, 649). The multiple-reel feature film has become the standard programme format and epitome of cinema entertainment worldwide since at least the early 1920s. That it originated in Europe–and not in the US, where it did not become the dominant programme format until 1916 (see Singer and Keil 2008, 19)–to counter American (and European) overproduction of onereelers may to some readers sound as astonishing as the fact that the film star and the star system was not ‘invented’by Hollywood, but had its origins as much in Europe as in the US. As Andrew Shail has shown, in his meticulous study on the origins of the film star system in early cinema, the first stardom-building publicity campaign was initiated in France in 1909 by Pathé Frères and concerned Max Linder, who is considered both the first international film star and ‘the first film star of any scale, and by a significant margin’(Shail 2019, 69). These specifics challenge standard narratives that ascribe the feature star vehicle to Hollywood.There is a growing body of research into the emergence of film stars in early cinema’s short film period (deCordova 1990; Bowser 1994; Bean 2011; Abel 2015; Shail 2019). The majority of the literature in the field of star studies, however, has focused on the post-1920 Hollywood studio star system (for example Balio 1976; Dyer 1979, 1987; Gledhill 1991; McDonald 2000, 2013; King 2015; McNally 2021)–with some rather recent exceptions on European and non-western stars (Carter 2004; Soila 2009; Majumdar 2009; Farquhar and Zhang 2010). Thus, existing scholarship on the one hand has a strong Hollywood bias and on the other hand leaves a gap between early cinema’s short film stars and post-1920 studio-based stardom. Building upon Shail’s research into the origins of the film star system, this special issue of Early Popular Visual Culture on ‘Asta Nielsen, the film star system and the introduction of the long feature film’wishes to fill this gap by adding new scholarship on film stars
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