Confusing signals: recent progress in CTLA-4 biology.

Confusing signals: recent progress in CTLA-4 biology.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.it.2014.12.001
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发表时间:
2015-02
影响因子:
16.8
通讯作者:
Sansom DM
Sansom DM
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Walker LS;Sansom DM

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CTLA-4 的细胞外在和细胞内在作用机制尚不清楚。数据表明 CTLA4 的胞外结构域具有调节功能。 CTLA-4尾部的功能可能在于调节定位而不是信号传导。 CTLA-4 的膜水平直接影响 CD28 与共享配体的接触。细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞相关蛋白 4 (CTLA-4) 的作用机制仍不清楚。调节性 T (Treg) 细胞可以利用 CTLA-4 来引发抑制;然而,CTLA-4 也在传统 T 细胞中发挥作用,据称是通过触发抑制信号。最近,通过 CTLA-4 胞质结构域介导的相互作用已被证明优先影响 Treg 细胞,但其他证据表明 CTLA-4 的胞外结构域足以引起抑制。在这里,我们在 CTLA-4 介导的配体调节的背景下讨论这些矛盾的发现。我们认为 CTLA-4 胞质结构域的功能不是传递抑制信号,而是精确控制 CTLA-4 的周转、细胞定位和膜递送,以促进其核心功能:调节 CD28 与其共享配体的接触。
Cell extrinsic and cell intrinsic mechanisms of action of CTLA-4 are unclear. Data suggest that the extracellular domain of CTLA4 elicits regulatory function. The function of CTLA-4 tail may lie in regulating localization rather than signaling. Membrane levels of CTLA-4 directly impact access of CD28 to shared ligands. The mechanism of action of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) remains surprisingly unclear. Regulatory T (Treg) cells can use CTLA-4 to elicit suppression; however, CTLA-4 also operates in conventional T cells, reputedly by triggering inhibitory signals. Recently, interactions mediated via the CTLA-4 cytoplasmic domain have been shown to preferentially affect Treg cells, yet other evidence suggests that the extracellular domain of CTLA-4 is sufficient to elicit suppression. Here, we discuss these paradoxical findings in the context of CTLA-4-mediated ligand regulation. We propose that the function of CTLA-4 cytoplasmic domain is not to transmit inhibitory signals but to precisely control the turnover, cellular location, and membrane delivery of CTLA-4 to facilitate its central function: regulating the access of CD28 to their shared ligands.
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