Antarctic Marine Biodiversity: Adaptations, Environments and Responses to Change
Antarctic Marine Biodiversity: Adaptations, Environments and Responses to Change
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南极海洋生物多样性：适应、环境和对变化的反应
DOI：
--
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
L. Peck
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Peck
生活在南大洋的动物在一个独特的环境中进化。它与北极高纬度地区有许多共同的特征，即低而稳定的温度、多种形式的冰的普遍影响以及光照和植物生物生产力的极端季节性。然而，南极洲是地球上最孤立的大陆，也是唯一一个没有与另一个大陆连接的大陆架的大陆。这种隔绝，加上这些条件存在了数百万年，产生了一个多样化的动物群，大约有17,000种海洋无脊椎动物生活在那里，并且拥有任何大陆特有物种的最高比例。对其原因进行了讨论。隔离、历史和不寻常的环境条件导致动物群对低温和季节性的适应范围和规模都是独一无二的。最著名的适应性包括渠道鱼类冰鱼，它们缺乏血红蛋白，只能在溶液中运输氧气，或者在某些物种中不存在20年前被称为普遍热休克反应的现象。其他适应性包括某些种群的体型较大，产卵比低纬度地区的物种更大，配子发生周期很长，某些物种的卵子发育（卵黄形成）需要18-24个月。一些细胞和生理过程的进行速度似乎适应或至少部分补偿了低温，如细胞中的微管组装，而其他过程，如运动和代谢率没有得到补偿，而棘皮动物的全动物生长、胚胎发育和肢体再生的速度甚至比控制温度对生物过程影响的正常规则所预测的要慢。本文介绍了南大洋动物的生物多样性和大多数已知的冷血海洋物种对南极环境的生态生理适应的知识现状。它进一步评估了这些适应对抵抗或响应环境变化的能力的影响，其中对温度升高的抵抗力似乎很差，而暴露于酸化条件到本世纪末水平的影响相对较小。
Animals living in the Southern Ocean have evolved in a singular environment. It shares many of its attributes with the high Arctic, namely low, stable temperatures, the pervading effect of ice in its many forms and extreme seasonality of light and phytobiont productivity. Antarctica is, however, the most isolated continent on Earth and is the only one that lacks a continental shelf connection with another continent. This isolation, along with the many millions of years that these conditions have existed, has produced a fauna that is both diverse, with around 17,000 marine invertebrate species living there, and has the highest proportions of endemic species of any continent. The reasons for this are discussed. The isolation, history and unusual environmental conditions have resulted in the fauna producing a range and scale of adaptations to low temperature and seasonality that are unique. The best known such adaptations include channichthyid icefish that lack haemoglobin and transport oxygen around their bodies only in solution, or the absence, in some species, of what was only 20 years ago termed the universal heat shock response. Other adaptations include large size in some groups, a tendency to produce larger eggs than species at lower latitudes and very long gametogenic cycles, with egg development (vitellogenesis) taking 18–24 months in some species. The rates at which some cellular and physiological processes are conducted appear adapted to, or at least partially compensated for, low temperature such as microtubule assembly in cells, whereas other processes such as locomotion and metabolic rate are not compensated, and whole-animal growth, embryonic development, and limb regeneration in echinoderms proceed at rates even slower than would be predicted by the normal rules governing the effect of temperature on biological processes. This review describes the current state of knowledge on the biodiversity of the Southern Ocean fauna and on the majority of known ecophysiological adaptations of coldblooded marine species to Antarctic conditions. It further evaluates the impacts these adaptations have on capacities to resist, or respond to change in the environment, where resistance to raised temperatures seems poor, whereas exposure to acidified conditions to end-century levels has comparatively little impact.
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影响因子：
9.2
作者：
Fillinger, Laura;Janussen, Dorte;Richter, Claudio
通讯作者：
Richter, Claudio
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2000
期刊：
The Journal of biological chemistry
影响因子：
--
作者：
H. Detrich;S. K. Parker;R. Williams;E. Nogales;K. Downing
通讯作者：
H. Detrich;S. K. Parker;R. Williams;E. Nogales;K. Downing
影响因子：
7.4
作者：
Powell, SR;Wang, P;Katzeff, H
通讯作者：
Katzeff, H
急性海洋酸化对空间多样化的极地远洋食物网的影响：来自甲板微观世界的见解
DOI：
10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.02.008
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
Topical Studies in Oceanography
影响因子：
--
作者：
Tarling G
通讯作者：
Tarling G
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Clark, Melody S.;Thorne, Michael A. S.;Peck, Lloyd S.
通讯作者：
Peck, Lloyd S.