Spatial Referring Expression Generation for HRI: Algorithms and Evaluation Framework
Spatial Referring Expression Generation for HRI: Algorithms and Evaluation Framework
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HRI 的空间指代表达式生成:算法和评估框架
DOI:
10.3115/1708322.1708333
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发表时间:
2017
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Matthias Scheutz
中科院分区:
文献类型:
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作者:
Lars Kunze;T. Williams;Nick Hawes;Matthias Scheutz
The ability to refer to entities such as objects, locations, and people is an important capability for robots designed to interact with humans. For example, a referring expression (RE) such as “Do you mean the box on the left?” might be used by a robot seeking to disambiguate between objects. In this paper, we present and evaluate algorithms for Referring Expression Generation (REG) in small-scale situated contexts. We first present data regarding how humans generate small-scale spatial referring expressions (REs). We then use this data to define five categories of observed small-scale spatial REs, and use these categories to create an ensemble of REG algorithms. Next, we evaluate REs generated by those algorithms and by humans both subjectively (by having participants rank REs), and objectively, (by assessing task performance when participants use REs) through a set of interrelated crowdsourced experiments. While our machine generated REs were subjectively rated lower than those generated by humans, they objectively significantly outperformed human REs. Finally, we discuss the main contributions of this work: (1) a dataset of images and REs, (2) a categorization of observed small-scale spatial REs, (3) an ensemble of REG algorithms, and (4) a crowdsourcing-based framework for sub-jectively and objectively evaluating REG.
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DOI:
10.1109/iros.2014.6942963
发表时间:
2014-09
期刊:
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影响因子:
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作者:
Lars Kunze;Christopher Burbridge;Marina Alberti;Akshaya Thippur;J. Folkesson;P. Jensfelt;Nick Hawes
通讯作者:
Lars Kunze;Christopher Burbridge;Marina Alberti;Akshaya Thippur;J. Folkesson;P. Jensfelt;Nick Hawes
DOI:
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发表时间:
2008
期刊:
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作者:
A Belz
通讯作者:
A Belz
DOI:
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发表时间:
2009
期刊:
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影响因子:
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作者:
A Gatt
通讯作者:
A Gatt
DOI:
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发表时间:
2014
期刊:
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影响因子:
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作者:
Kunze L
通讯作者:
Kunze L