Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans
Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans
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三重危险：种族隔离和社区贫困对美国黑人心理健康的共同影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
P. Florsheim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Do;Lindsay R B Locklar;P. Florsheim
目的由于种族隔离可能保护黑人免受歧视，并增加他们面临集中贫困的风险，因此它对美国黑人精神健康的净影响尚不清楚。我们调查了种族隔离、社区贫困、种族和心理幸福感之间的交集。方法利用具有全国代表性的2008年至2013年全国健康访谈调查的数据，结合美国人口普查数据，我们检验了黑人和白人的大都市隔离(D指数和P指数)和心理痛苦(基于凯斯勒6得分 ≥ 13的二元指标)之间的关系。此外，我们评估了社区贫困是否解释和/或改变了这种联系。对黑人和白人以及每个隔离指数分别进行Logistic回归模型估计。结果D指数和P指数越高，黑人心理困扰的几率越高。社区贫困解释了这种联系的部分原因，但不是全部。在允许大都市种族隔离的影响因社区贫困而异的模型中，更高的种族隔离被发现对居住在高贫困社区的黑人有害，但对生活在低贫困社区的黑人不利。我们没有发现种族隔离影响白人心理健康的证据，无论是有害的还是有益的，无论社区贫困程度如何。结论种族隔离的影响因社区贫困和种族而不同。结构性种族主义造成种族隔离和集中贫困，其心理伤害不是相加的，而是相乘的，反映了黑人的“三重危险”，即他们的心理健康受到社区困境和种族隔离的综合影响。
PurposeBecause segregation may shield blacks from discrimination as well as increase their exposure to concentrated poverty, its net impact on the mental well-being of black Americans is unclear. We investigated the intersection between segregation, neighborhood poverty, race, and psychological well-being.MethodsUsing data from the nationally representative 2008–2013 National Health Interview Survey merged with U.S. Census data, we examined the association between black–white metropolitan segregation (D-index and P-index) and psychological distress (a binary indicator based on the Kessler 6 score ≥ 13) for blacks and whites. Furthermore, we assessed whether neighborhood poverty explains and/or modifies the association. Logistic regression models were estimated separately for blacks and whites as well as for each segregation index.ResultsHigher D- and P-indices were associated with higher odds of psychological distress for blacks. Neighborhood poverty explained some, but not all, of the association. In models that allowed for the impact of metropolitan segregation to vary by neighborhood poverty, higher segregation was found to be detrimental for blacks who resided in high poverty neighborhoods but not for those living in low poverty neighborhoods. We found no evidence that segregation impacts the mental health of whites—either detrimentally or beneficially—regardless of neighborhood poverty level.ConclusionsThe impact of segregation differs by neighborhood poverty and race. The psychological harm of structural racism, resulting in segregation and concentrated poverty, is not additive but multiplicative, reflecting a “triple jeopardy” for blacks, whereby their mental health is detrimentally impacted by the compounded effects of both neighborhood distress and racial segregation.
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