Retrogene Duplication and Expression Patterns Shaped by the Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in Malaria Mosquitoes
Retrogene Duplication and Expression Patterns Shaped by the Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in Malaria Mosquitoes
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在进化过程中产生的基因是新生物功能的重要来源。反转录基因是由反转录产生的基因的功能拷贝，因此位于不同的基因组位置。为了研究逆转录模式和逆转录基因的表达，我们利用具有或不具有经典性染色体的物种来测试性别连锁的作用，计算确定了疟疾蚊子系统发育历史中9个部分的染色体间逆转录事件。在一组年轻的逆转录基因中，我们发现了40个染色体间事件和从X染色体到常染色体的大量反转录复制。这些年轻的逆转录事件发生在最近1亿年内，所有物种都具有分化的性染色体。对冈比亚按蚊的基因芯片和RNA-seq表达数据的分析表明，许多年轻的逆转录基因在生殖器官中进化为雄性偏向性表达。睾丸减数分裂或减数分裂后表达增加的年轻常染色体逆转录基因倾向于男性偏倚。相比之下，年龄较大的逆转录基因，即在性染色体未分化的谱系中，没有表现出这种特殊的染色体偏倚，并且在生殖器官中富集了女性偏倚的表达。我们的反转录PCR数据表明，大多数最年轻的逆转录基因起源于最近4760万年前的celllia亚属，在雄性和雌性的身体部位中进化出了不均匀的表达模式。coluzzii。最后，基因注释显示，线粒体功能是年轻常染色体逆转录基因的一个突出特征。我们得出结论，mrna介导的基因复制产生了一组有助于蚊子生殖功能的基因，并且在性染色体进化后揭示了不同的偏见。总的来说，这些结果表明雄性减数分裂性染色体失活和与线粒体能量功能相关的性拮抗冲突作为这些蚊子谱系中x -常染色体基因重复和睾丸偏向性表达的主要选择压力的潜在作用。
Genes that originate during evolution are an important source of novel biological functions. Retrogenes are functional copies of genes produced by retroduplication and as such are located in different genomic positions. To investigate retroposition patterns and retrogene expression, we computationally identified interchromosomal retroduplication events in nine portions of the phylogenetic history of malaria mosquitoes, making use of species that do or do not have classical sex chromosomes to test the roles of sex-linkage. We found 40 interchromosomal events and a significant excess of retroduplications from the X chromosome to autosomes among a set of young retrogenes. These young retroposition events occurred within the last 100 million years in lineages where all species possessed differentiated sex chromosomes. An analysis of available microarray and RNA-seq expression data for Anopheles gambiae showed that many of the young retrogenes evolved male-biased expression in the reproductive organs. Young autosomal retrogenes with increased meiotic or postmeiotic expression in the testes tend to be male biased. In contrast, older retrogenes, i.e., in lineages with undifferentiated sex chromosomes, do not show this particular chromosomal bias and are enriched for female-biased expression in reproductive organs. Our reverse-transcription PCR data indicates that most of the youngest retrogenes, which originated within the last 47.6 million years in the subgenus Cellia, evolved non-uniform expression patterns across body parts in the males and females of An. coluzzii. Finally, gene annotation revealed that mitochondrial function is a prominent feature of the young autosomal retrogenes. We conclude that mRNA-mediated gene duplication has produced a set of genes that contribute to mosquito reproductive functions and that different biases are revealed after the sex chromosomes evolve. Overall, these results suggest potential roles for the evolution of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation in males and of sexually antagonistic conflict related to mitochondrial energy function as the main selective pressures for X-to-autosome gene reduplication and testis-biased expression in these mosquito lineages.
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影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Clark, Andrew G.;Eisen, Michael B.;MacCallum, Iain
通讯作者：
MacCallum, Iain
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
Connallon T;Clark AG
通讯作者：
Clark AG
影响因子：
7
作者：
Carelli FN;Hayakawa T;Go Y;Imai H;Warnefors M;Kaessmann H
通讯作者：
Kaessmann H
DOI：
10.1126/science.1258524
发表时间：
2015-01-02
期刊：
Science (New York, N.Y.)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Fontaine MC;Pease JB;Steele A;Waterhouse RM;Neafsey DE;Sharakhov IV;Jiang X;Hall AB;Catteruccia F;Kakani E;Mitchell SN;Wu YC;Smith HA;Love RR;Lawniczak MK;Slotman MA;Emrich SJ;Hahn MW;Besansky NJ
通讯作者：
Besansky NJ
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Assis, Raquel
通讯作者：
Assis, Raquel