Commentary: Why are children in the same family so different? Non-shared environment three decades later.
Commentary: Why are children in the same family so different? Non-shared environment three decades later.
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DOI：
10.1093/ije/dyq144
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发表时间：
2011-06
影响因子：
7.7
通讯作者：
Plomin R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Plomin R
自近一个世纪前开始的定量基因研究以来，非共享环境的重要性一直隐藏在其中。定量遗传学方法，如双胞胎和收养法，被设计用来区分先天和后天，以解释家族相似性。对于几乎所有复杂的表现型，已经出现了家族相似性起源问题的答案是自然的——事物在家族中运行主要是由于遗传原因。然而，环境影响重要性的最佳证据来自同样的定量遗传研究，因为遗传影响无法解释复杂表型的所有变异，其余的变异必须归因于环境影响。然而，这些发现的全部意义花了几十年才显现出来。如果遗传学解释了为什么在同一个家庭中长大的兄弟姐妹相似，但环境是重要的，那么一定是明显的环境影响没有使兄弟姐妹相似。也就是说，它们不是由在同一个家庭中长大的孩子共享的——它们必须是“非共享的”。这种关于非共享环境影响的暗示在数量遗传学领域被搁置，因为该领域的注意力当时坚定地集中在自然-培育的争论上。在先天与后天的争论中，“养育”被含蓄地认为是指共享的环境，因为从弗洛伊德开始，社会化理论就假设儿童的环境是在一个家庭一个家庭的基础上分配的。相比之下，非共享环境的要点在于，环境是在每个孩子的基础上分配的。请注意，短语“非共享环境”是表型变异的一个组成部分的简写——它指的是“效应”而不是“事件”，如后面讨论的那样。1987年发表在本期《国际流行病学杂志》（International Journal of epidemiology）上的这篇论文，对之前的一篇论文进行了扩展，汇集了证据，证明了非共享环境在人格、精神病理学和认知能力发展中的重要性。2 .本评注的目的是反思该专题出现三十年后的非共享环境。回顾了2001年非共享环境研究的进展和存在的问题；我目前的目标不是对这一新兴领域提供系统的更新，而是为这一领域的研究提出一些新的方向。1987年的论文发表了32篇评论和我们的回应，其中4篇是我推荐的。这些评论和对这些评论的回应提出了许多问题，这些问题在随后的几十年里重新出现，例如：
The importance of non-shared environment lay hidden within quantitative genetic studies since they began nearly a century ago. Quantitative genetic methods, such as twin and adoption methods, were designed to tease apart nature and nurture in order to explain family resemblance. For nearly all complex phenotypes, it has emerged that the answer to the question of the origins of family resemblance is nature—things run in families primarily for genetic reasons. However, the best available evidence for the importance of environmental influence comes from this same quantitative genetic research because genetic influence never explains all of the variance for complex phenotypes, and the remaining variance must be ascribed to environmental influences. Yet it took many decades for the full meaning of these findings to emerge. If genetics explains why siblings growing up in the same family are similar, but the environment is important, then it must be the case that the salient environmental effects do not make siblings similar. That is, they are not shared by children growing up in the same family—they must be ‘non-shared’. This implication about non-shared environmental import lay fallow in the field of quantitative genetics because the field’s attention was then firmly on the nature–nurture debate.‘Nurture’in the nature–nurture debate was implicitly taken to mean shared environment because fromFreud onwards, theories of socialization had assumed that children’s environments are doled out on a family-by-family basis. In contrast, the point of non-shared environment is that environments are doled out on a child-by-child basis. Note that the phrase ‘non-shared environment’is shorthand for a component of phenotypic variance—it refers to ‘effects’ rather than ‘events’, as discussed later. The 1987 paper reprinted in this issue of the International Journal of Epidemiology1 brought together evidence for the importance of non-shared environment in the development of personality, psychopathology and cognitive abilities, expanding on a previous paper. 2 The purpose of the present commentary is to reflect on non-shared environment three decades after the topic emerged. Progress and problems in studying non-shared environment were reviewed in 2001; 3 rather than providing a systematic update of this burgeoning field, my current goal is to suggest some new directions for research in this area. The 1987 paper was published with 32 commentaries and our response, 4 which I recommend. These commentaries and the response to them raised many of the issues that resurfaced during the following decades, such as the following:
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影响因子：
5.8
作者：
Beaver, Kevin M.
通讯作者：
Beaver, Kevin M.
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Asbury, K;Dunn, JF;Plomin, R
通讯作者：
Plomin, R
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Boisvert, Danielle;Wright, John Paul
通讯作者：
Wright, John Paul
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0500398102
发表时间：
2005-07-26
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Fraga, MF;Ballestar, E;Esteller, M
通讯作者：
Esteller, M
影响因子：
4
作者：
GE, XJ;CONGER, RD;ELDER, GH
通讯作者：
ELDER, GH